Cell Injury

Question 1

What are the two forms of endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 1

Rough ER - with ribosomes and synthesizes proteins to be exported from the cell

Smooth ER - without ribosomes and metabolizes drugs hormones and various nutrients, synthesizes steroid hormones

Question 2

What is the plasma membrane?

Answer 2

A structural barrier between cell and external environment that communicates with other cells

Question 3

What is the plasma membrane made of?

Answer 3

Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and it is a bi layers with lipids on each side

Question 4

What are the three primary tissue layers?

Answer 4

Endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm

Question 5

What are the two types of cells?

Answer 5

Epithelium and mesnechyma

Question 6

What is an example of epithelium?

Answer 6

Skin or lining of vessels, ducts, and other small cavities

Question 7

What does epithelium consist of?

Answer 7

Cells joined by cementing substances

Question 8

How is epithelium classified?

Answer 8

Number of layers and the shape of cells

Question 9

What does mesenchyma form?

Answer 9

Bone, muscle, fat, cartilage, and fibrous tissue

Question 10

Parenchyma vs stoma?

Answer 10

Parenchyma is the working elements of tissue types and usually consists of epithelial cells

Stroke is the structural support and framework of an organ, usually made by mesenchyma

Question 11

Define the “steady state”

Answer 11

A balance between opposing pressures operating in or around cell or tissue

Question 12

What can alter the steady state?

Answer 12

Normal- physiologic changes
Abnormal - pathological changes

Question 13

Altered steady state?

Answer 13

Returns to the steady state quickly

Question 14

Cellular adaptation?

Answer 14

A permanent change to steady state

Example: menopause, the lower estrogen signals to stop shedding uterine lining

Question 15

Reversible cell injury

Answer 15

Cell can reverse the damages before too much occurs and results in permanent damage

Example: blood clot or increased troponin levels during a heart attack

Question 16

Irreversible cell injury causes?

Answer 16

Heavy doses of toxins, sever hypoxia or anoxia, other prolonged insults

Question 17

When does cellular adaptation occur?

Answer 17

When there is persistent and prolonged changes

Question 18

Atrophy definition

Answer 18

Means without nutrition, there’s a decrease in size of individual cells

Question 19

Causes of atrophy?

Answer 19

Less oxygen, less nutrition ,stimulation

The cells are trying to survive and requires a decrease in activity

Looks smaller than normal

Microscopically the cells look much smaller compared to normal cells

Question 20

What cellular adaptation causes carpal tunnel?

Answer 20

Atrophy

Question 21

Hypertrophy definition

Answer 21

Increase in size of cells in response to functional demands

IE: skeletal or cardiac number

Cells appear much bigger microscopically

Question 22

Left ventricular hypertrophy

Answer 22

Is thickening of the septum in the heart

Question 23

Hyperplasia

Answer 23

Increase in NUMBER of cells due to increase functional demand

Cells will divide to do so

Typically caused by hormonal stimulation

Question 24

What cellular adaptation causes thyroid goiter ?

Answer 24

Hyperplasia

Question 25

Hypoplasia definition

Answer 25

Underdevelopment of an organ or tissue Example: failure of kidney to develop to normal adult size

Question 26

Aplasia

Answer 26

Failure of an organ or tissue to develop Example: kidney fails to ever form

Question 27

Metaplasia

Answer 27

Substitution of one cell type for another

Question 28

What causes metaplasia?

Answer 28

Harsh environments inducing change to protective tissue type

Question 29

What type of cellular adaptation would cause a smokers lung cells to switch from stratified squamous cells to ciliated columnar cells?

Answer 29

Metaplasia

Question 30

Dysplasia

Answer 30

Abnormal growth of cells that is potentially reversible

Question 31

What are the five cellular accumulations?

Answer 31

Water, lipids, carbs, proteins, pigment

Question 32

Examples of pigments in cellular accumulation

Answer 32

Smog can cause pigment on lungs

Question 33

Exogenous pigments examples

Answer 33

Occurring from the outside - Environmental contamination like smog Tattoo ink Amalgam from dental work

Question 34

Endogenous pigments

Answer 34

Occurs from inside - Lipofuscin Melanin Iron Bilirubin

Question 35

What is the wear and tear pigment?

Answer 35

Lipofuscin Usually looks brown and occurs in older patients Does not interfere with cell function

Question 36

What is hemochromatosis

Answer 36

Accumulation of too much iron throughout the body that is an inhertited gene

Question 37

What is pyknosis?

Answer 37

A type of cell death where the cells condenses

Question 38

What is karyorrhexis?

Answer 38

A type of cell death where the nucleus fragments

Question 39

What is karyolysis?

Answer 39

A type of cell death where the nucleus dissolutes and has lysis of chromatin

Question 40

What are the two types of cell death?

Answer 40

Apoptosis and necrosis

Question 41

Which type of cell death is “active” and energy dependent

Answer 41

Apoptosis

Question 42

Which type of cell death is “active” and energy dependent

Answer 42

Apoptosis

Question 43

Which form of cell death causes inflammation and damage to surrounding cells

Answer 43

Necrosis

Question 44

Which form of cell death causes inflammation and damage to surrounding cells

Answer 44

Necrosis

Question 45

How is necrosis cell death initiated?

Answer 45

Exogenous cell injury and is always pathologic Does not depend on energy

Question 46

Which type of necrosis turns cells into liquid?

Answer 46

Liquefactive

Question 47

Which type of necrosis is associated with infectious diseases?

Answer 47

Caseous necrosis

Question 48

What are the causes of metabolic injury ?

Answer 48

Hypoxia and anoxia

Question 49

Causes of mechanical trauma

Answer 49

Abrasion, contusion, laceration, incision, avulsion

Question 50

Abrasion

Answer 50

Superficial from friction : road rash

Question 51

Contusion

Answer 51

Bruise

Question 52

Laceration

Answer 52

Tearing from stretching

Question 53

Incision

Answer 53

Cut by sharp instrument, wider than deep, like a surgical incision

Question 54

Puncture wound

Answer 54

Piercing penetration of tissue caused by a sharp object, deeper than wider, like a stab wound

Question 55

Avulsion

Answer 55

Tearing away of a body part, lawn mower accident

Question 56

Localized hypothermia

Answer 56

Frostbite

Question 57

Localized hyperthermia

Answer 57

Burns

Question 58

Classifications of temperate injuries

Answer 58

Superficial- confined to epidermis Partial thickness- injury to dermis Full thickness- through the sub q tissue and causes damage to muscle- can lead to death

Question 59

Factors influencing damage from ionizing radiation

Answer 59

Dosage, mode of delivery, and oxygenation of tissue