Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathology > cell injury and adaptation > Flashcards

cell injury and adaptation Flashcards

(92 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Stages in the Cellular Response to Stress and Injury diagram

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

HYPERTROPHY

Pure hypertrophy occurs where?

A

• Hypertrophy –increase in the size of an organ without an increase in cell number
(hyperplasia)
• Pure hypertrophy usually occurs only in skeletal and cardiac muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cardiac hypertrophy

A

due to hypertension, done to increase force of contraction

increased size can lead to ischemia resulting in MI/ cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

HYPERPLASIA

types?

A

Hyperplasia is the increase in size of a tissue or organ due to an increased number of cells
can be physiologic, pathologic or combined with hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

physiologic hyperplasia examples

A

– Erythroid bone marrow hyperplasia at high altitude
– Cyclic enlargement of the endometrium and breast during the menstrual cycle
– Regrowth of liver parenchyma after surgical excision is compensatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

pathologic hyperplasia example

A

epithelial hyperplasia caused by the human papilloma virus

HPV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

combo hypertrophy and plasia examples

A

– In an enlarged uterus of pregnancy, myometrial smooth muscle cells are increased not only in number (hyperplasia) but also in size (hypertrophy)
– In benign prostatic enlargement, there is both hyperplasia and hypertrophy of prostatic glands and smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

(Squamous) Papilloma

A

epithelial hyperplasia caused by HPV on lips

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

pyogenic granuloma

A

epithelial hyperplasia presenting as an ulcerative nodule on gingiva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

fibroma

A

sessile nodule on the tongue, represents a fibrous hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

epulis fissuratum

A

represents a fibrous hyperplasia, found with ill-fitting dentures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

inflammatory papillary hyperplasia of the palate

A

represents a combo epithelial and fibrous hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

sub-pontic osseous hyperplasia

A

osseous hyperplasia, bone forms under pontic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

exotoses

A

represent osseous hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

gingival enlargement, common causes?

A

form of hyperplasia often due to poor hygiene or diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

drug induced gingival enlargement

A

side effect of some drugs
procardia- ca channel block for hypertension
cyclosporin- immunosuppressant for transplants
dialntin/phentoin- anti-seizure med

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

possible causes of gingival enlargement

A
  • Inflammatory hyperplasia
  • Drug-induced enlargement
  • Leukemia infiltrates
  • Amyloid infiltration
  • Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome
  • Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis
  • Cowden syndrome
  • Wegener granulomatosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

condylar hyperplasia

A

Idiopathic unilateral growth of the mandibular condyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

hyperplastic dental follicle

A

enlarged follicle of non erupted tooth, would req a biopsy to diagnose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

gynecomastia

A

hyperplasia of the male breast, due to increased estrogen or increased hormone secreting tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ATROPHY

A

• Atrophy is the reduction in size of cells, tissues or organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

types of atrophy

A

pathologic and physiological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

PATHOLOGIC ATROPHY examples

A
  • Atrophy of skeletal muscle following denervation

* Atrophy of the brain due to ischemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

PHYSIOLOGIC ATROPHY examples

A
  • Atrophy of the uterus after pregnancy

* Involution of the thymus in early adult life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
PATHOLOGIC ATROPHY MAY RESULT FROM:
``` Disuse • Denervation • Lack of trophic hormones • Ischemia - reduction in blood supply • Malnutrition • Idiopathic –Parry-Romberg syndrome ```
26
thenar atrophy
mm atrophy caused by carapl tunnel= lack of medial nn inn
27
denervation atrophy in skeletal mm
loss of inn results in the decrease in mm cell size
28
atherosclerotic disease of the brain
will cause atrophy of the brian = widened gyri and narrow sulci
29
edentulous atrophy
loss of alveolar bone without teeth
30
PARRY ROMBERG SYNDROME
idiopathic PROGRESSIVE HEMIFACIAL ATROPHY= will stabilize and can be corrected with surgery
31
METAPLASIA
• Metaplasia is the replacement of one mature cell type by another one. • It generally represents a change to a “tougher” cell type Metaplasia is generally reversible and the tissue reverts to its normal state after the irritant is removed • If the irritant persists, metaplasia may progress to dysplasia and then to frank neoplasia
32
smokers metaplasia
• Replacement of bronchial stratified columnar epithelium by squamous epithelium is an example of squamous metaplasia that occurs in smokers can lead to dysplasia and become malignant = squamous cell carcinoma
33
barrets esophagus
• Intestinal metaplasia of the esophagus, called Barrett esophagus is caused by chronic irritation by gastric juices in gastroesophageal reflux squamous to columnar in the lower esophagus, better able to tolerate acids can progress to dysplasia and become and adenocarcinoma
34
NECROTIZING SIALOMETAPLASIA
on the palate, a reactive condition that will heal on its own appearance of epithelial tissue invading surrounding tissue similar to cancer
35
HOW CELLS RESPOND TO NON-LETHAL INJURY
adaptive and non-adaptive
36
adaptive changes
hyperplasia hypertrophy metaplasia atrophy
37
non adaptive changes
mainly developmental or genetic agenesis aplasia hypoplasia
38
agenesis
complete non-dev of a cell or organ | examples: mandible, tooth roots, multiple teeth, etc
39
aplasia/hypoplasia
• Hypoplasia is the incomplete development of an organ • The organ never reached its normal size
40
TREACHER COLLINS SYNDROME
MANDIBULO-FACIAL DYSPLASIA, hypoplasia of the mandible
41
Pierre robin syndrome
hypoplasia/ aplasia of the mandible
42
regional odotnodysplasia
certain quadrants m ay be affected with the hypoplasia/aplasia of teeth "ghost teeth" present also represents a dysplasia= abnormal formation
43
DYSPLASIA
DYSPLASIA • Dysplasia literally means abnormal formation • The term is used in many context
44
What does EPITHELIAL DYSPLASIA potentially lead to? only this?
potential to lead to malignancies and cancer | only epithelial dysplasia indicates pre malignancy
45
ECTODERMAL DYSPLASIA
genetic/developmental | abnormal formation of ectoderm derivatives (teeth, hair, skin, sweat glands, etc.)
46
FIBRO-OSSEOUS DYSPLASIA at tooth root radiography
mixed lucent and opaque radiograph appearance, present at apex
47
fibrous dysplasia of the face
usually with maxilla or mandible, become enlarged unilaterally developmental seen radiographically
48
type I dentin dysplasia
abnormal root dentin formation
49
Stages in the Cellular Response to Stress and Injury diagram
50
reversible change in the liver
fatty change, due to alcohol abuse, accumulation of fat cells in the liver
51
irreversible changes
cell death: apoptosis and necrosis
52
cell death mechanism diagrams
apoptosis: apoptotic formed and digested by phagocytes= clean necrosis: lysosomal membranes break and contents leak digesting cell contents and causing local inflammatory response
53
nuclear signals of necrosis
* Pyknosis –a small, dark and shrunken nucleus * Karyorrhexis –nuclear fragmentation * Karyolysis –dissolution of the nucleus
54
what tells you how cells die?
cytoplasm
55
types of necrosis, usually seen with?
* Coagulative necrosis –typically seen in hypoxic injury (myocardial infarct) * Liquefactive necrosis –typically seen in bacterial infections and cerebral infarct * Caseous necrosis –necrotic tissue is converted into a cheesy mass (tuberculosis) * Fat necrosis –characteristically seen in acute pancreatitis
56
coagulative necrosis
57
liquefactive necrosis
58
causeous necrosis
59
APOPTOSIS
* Programmed cell death occurs through activation of an internal suicide program * CASPASES enzymes mediate this * Selectively eliminates unwanted cells with minimal disturbance to the surrounding cells * The plasma membrane remains intact, but its structure is altered so that the it becomes a target for phagocytosis * The dead cell is rapidly cleared before its contents have leaked out and therefore does not elicit an inflammatory reaction
60
types of apoptosis
physiologic and pathologic
61
Physiologic apoptosis examples
* Programmed destruction of cells during embryogenesis * Hormone-dependent involution of tissues in the adult * Deletion of potentially harmful self-reactive lymphocytes * Cell death induced by cytotoxic T-cells (virally-infected or neoplastic cells)
62
Pathologic apoptosis examples
* If DNA repair mechanisms can’t cope with damage, the cells kills itself by apoptosis * Cell death in certain viral infections (hepatitis) * Pathologic atrophy in organs after obstruction * Cell death in tumors
63
Exogenous pigments
from external environment – Carbon - anthracosis, blackened lungs – Tattooing –skin and mucosal tattoos, amalgam tats
64
Endogenous pigments
– Lipofuscin (aging) – Melanin –formed in melanocytes – Hemosiderin –hemoglobin-derived – Bilirubin, excreted in bowels/urine
65
PATHOLOGIC CALCIFICATION
• Pathologic calcification is the abnormal deposition of calcium salts in tissue, can be dystrophic ot metastic
66
dystrophic calcification
• Dystrophic calcification occurs in nonviable or dying tissues in the presence of normal serum calcium levels
67
metastatic calcification
Metastatic calcification occurs in viable tissues and is associated with hypercalcemia
68
cardiac hypertrophy
69
epithelial hyperplasia: papilloma
70
ENDOTHELIAL HYPERPLASIA: | Pyogenic Granuloma
71
FIBROUS HYPERPLASIA: | Fibroma
72
FIBROUS HYPERPLASIA: | Epulis Fissuratum
73
EPITHELIAL & FIBROUS HYPERPLASIA: | INFLAMMATORY PAPILLARY HYPERPLASIA
74
OSSEOUS HYPERPLASIA: | SUB-PONTIC OSSEOUS HYPERPLASIA
75
OSSEOUS HYPERPLASIA: | Exostoses
76
GINGIVAL ENLARGEMENT (HYPERPLASIA)
77
condylar hyperplasia
78
hyperplastic dental follicle
79
brain atrophy, atherscerlotic disease
80
parry romberg syndrome
81
barretts esphogus, metaplasia
82
NECROTIZING SIALOMETAPLASIA
83
mandibular agenesis
84
root agenesis
85
MANDIBULO-FACIAL DYSPLASIA | TREACHER COLLINS SYNDROME
86
APLASIA/HYPOPLASIA | REGIONAL ODONTODYSPLASIA
87
epithelial dysplasia
88
ectodermal dysplasia
89
fibro ossesoius dysplasia
90
fibrous dysplasia
91
dentin dysplasia type I
92
how are these nuceli identified? what is happening?
pyknosis and karyohexis, cell death

Pathology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions