cell injury and cell death

Question 1

hopw high is calcium conc outside cell as compared to inside

Answer 1

10000 times

Question 2

structural and functional barrier of cell

Answer 2

plasma membrane

Question 3

what helps in maintaining the constant internal ionic composition of cell

Answer 3

cell membrane and its proteins

Question 4

what is adaptation

Answer 4

modifications in cell structure and function to meet the changing demand and to tackle stressful conditions

Question 5

progressive stages of enroachment of cells functions

Answer 5

1. cell adaptation
2. reversible injury
3. irreversible injury
4. cell death

Question 6

what is ischemia

Answer 6

lack of blood flow

Question 7

two main patterns of death

Answer 7

apoptosis and necrosis

Question 8

cause of necrosis

Answer 8

cell damage, toxins , loss of blood suppy

Question 9

what is apoptosis

Answer 9

internally programmed cell suicide to remove unwanted cells

Question 10

what is hypoxia

Answer 10

hypoxia is the loss of oxygen supply

Question 11

what does hypoxia affect

Answer 11

hypoxia affects the cell’s aerobic oxidative respiration

Question 12

difference between hypoxia and ischemia

Answer 12

during hypoxia the glycolytic energy production still continues as there is still blood supply of nutrients

Question 13

which is more dangerous hypoxia or ischemia

Answer 13

ischemia as there is no blood supply at all

Question 14

modes through which the immune system causes cellular injury

Answer 14

anaphylactic shock and autoimmune disorders

Question 15

nature of the first lesion

Answer 15

biochemical or molecular lesion

Question 16

various stages of lesions

Answer 16

biochemical lesion, ultrastructural lesion , light microscopic lesion, gross lesipons

Question 17

what does the cellular response depend on

Answer 17

1. type of injury
2. duration of injury
3. extent of injury

Question 18

highly toxic form of oxygen in body

Answer 18

partially reduced reactive oxygen(reactive oxygen/ activated oxygen)

Question 19

how is reactive oxygen formed in our body

Answer 19

it is formed as a byproduct during oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 20

causes of oxidative stress

Answer 20

imbalance between free radicle generating and free radicle destroying systems

Question 21

what maintains the intracellular vs extracellular calcium gradient

Answer 21

membrane associated energy dependent ATPase ( ca and mg pumps)

Question 22

how is cytosolic calcium increased by ischaemia and toxins

Answer 22

1. they cause ca influx from ECF to cytosol
2. release of calcium from mitochondriaand ER

Question 23

what enzymes does high cytosolic calcium activate

Answer 23

1. phospholipases
2. proteases
3. ATPases
4. endonucleases