Cell Injury and Cell Death

Question 1

What forms the basis of most disease states

Answer 1

Loss of homeostasis

Question 2

How do cells survive short term

Answer 2

Adaptation

Question 3

Excessive cell swelling and dramatic changes to the cellular organelles

Answer 3

Morphologic characteristics

Question 4

Hallmark of irreversible cell injury or death

Answer 4

Massive influx of calcium

Question 5

Cell death due to injury

Answer 5

Necrosis

Question 6

Cell death due to physiological turn over of cells

Answer 6

Apoptosis

Question 7

Shrinkage of tissue or organ size due to reduction in cell size

Answer 7

Atrophy

Question 8

Increase in cell size in response to stress

Answer 8

Hypertrophy

Question 9

Increase in cell number by mitotic division

Answer 9

Hyperplasia

Question 10

What cells are capable/ not capable of mitotic division (hyperplasia)

Answer 10

Capable:
Epithelial

Not capable:
Cardiac cells

Question 11

Reversible process whereby one mature cell type is replaced by another less mature type

Answer 11

Metaplasia

Question 12

Disordered growth and maturation of the cellular components of a tissue

Answer 12

Dysplasia

Question 13

Provides useful hallmarks of cell injury. Cells due this under stress in response to metabolic derangements. May lead to cell injury or death.

Answer 13

Cellular accumulations

Question 14

Where do lipids tend to accumulate in cellular accumulations

Answer 14

Heart and liver

Question 15

Where does glycogen tend to accumulate in cellular accumulations

Answer 15

Liver and skeletal muscle

Question 16

Where does melanin tend to accumulate in cellular accumulations

Answer 16

Skin

Question 17

What cellular accumulations forms hemosiderin

Answer 17

Hemoglobin -Iron

Question 18

Where does bilirubin tend to accumulate in cellular accumulations

Answer 18

Liver

Question 19

What are 3 pigments that accumulate in cellular accumulations

Answer 19

Bilirubin
Hemosiderin
Melanin

Question 20

Fine granular Golden brown pigment formed from phospholipids and proteins derived from degenerating membranes

Answer 20

Lipofuscin

Question 21

What minerals tend to accumulate in cellular accumulations

Answer 21

Calcium

Question 22

What determines outcome of pathological stress

Answer 22

Severity and duration of stimuli or pathological stress

Question 23

What are the 4 cellular adaptations

Answer 23

Hyperplasia
Hypertrophic 
Atrophy 
Metaplasia
Dysplasia

Question 24

Non dividing cells

Answer 24

Cardiac

Question 25

Dividing cells

Answer 25

Epithelial cells

Question 26

These cells can undergo hyperplasia and hypertrophy under stress

Answer 26

Epithelial cells

Question 27

These cells can not divide so undergo hypertrophy increasing functional muscle mass

Answer 27

Cardiac cells

Question 28

Pathological stimuli may be intrinsic , meaning

Answer 28

Genetic

Question 29

Pathological stimuli may be extrinsic meaning

Answer 29

Acquired

Question 30

Hypoxia cell injury leads to

Answer 30

Impaired energy production

Question 31

Impaired energy production from hypoxia causes

Answer 31

Free radical injury

Question 32

Free radical injury forms

Answer 32

Damaging reactive oxygen species ROS

Question 33

Impaired calcium homeostasis compromises the

Answer 33

Cell membrane Calcium influx causes cell death

Question 34

What protects against Reactive oxygen species ROS

Answer 34

Superoxide dismutase SOD

Question 35

How does SOD protect against ROS

Answer 35

Converts superoxide into hydrogen peroxide then catalase converts hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

Question 36

When do excess ROS (which is damaging to cell proteins and lipids) form

Answer 36

When oxygen is limited

Question 37

Name the antioxidant system that stops excess ROS/superoxide

Answer 37

Superoxide dismutase

Question 38

This antioxidant converts hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen

Answer 38

Catalase

Question 39

Excess ROS causes

Answer 39

Cell damage Leaking membranes Calcium influx Cell death

Question 40

Ischemia is caused from

Answer 40

Lack of blood oxygen flow

Question 41

With Reversible cell injury we will see...

Answer 41

-Reduction in Oxidative phosphorylation -Reduction in ATP -Electrolyte imbalance with water reflux -Cellular swelling -Blebs -organelle swelling Increase in glycolysis Decrease in PH ROS

Question 42

With irreversible cell injury we will see...

Answer 42

Lysosomal enzymes released causing auto digestion of cell Membrane injury causing calcium influx This leads to cell death

Question 43

What type of cell necrosis Basic cell outline is preserved, Acidosis denatures proteins, protein denaturation causes coagulation

Answer 43

Coagulative necrosis

Question 44

Type of necrosis Results from autolysis or heterolysis Involves digestion of cell remains Typical abscess puss formation

Answer 44

Liquifactive necrosis

Question 45

Type of necrosis Combination of coagulative and liquifactive necrosis The necrotic debris is not digested completely by hydrolases so tissues appear soft and granular Cheesy

Answer 45

Caseous necrosis

Question 46

Types of necrosis Descriptive term that refers to focal areas of fat destruction, this destruction of lipids is associated abnormal release of pancreatic enzymes lipase

Answer 46

Fat necrosis

Question 47

Types of cellular necrosis Result of severe hypoxia . Most commonly caused by loss of blood supply (ischemia )

Answer 47

Gangrene

Question 48

A coagulative necrosis as a result of ischemia

Answer 48

Dry gangrene

Question 49

Occurs when tissue is infected with bacteria and phagocytosis cells are recruited , releasing enzymes that lead to liquifactive process

Answer 49

Wet gangrene

Question 50

Types of cellular necrosis Occurs when the infection is caused by clostridium , anerobic bacteria that produces toxins that damage the CT and cause gas

Answer 50

Gas gangrene

Question 51

What are 2 types of cellular death

Answer 51

Necrosis and apoptosis

Question 52

This type of cell death is initiated by pathologic stimuli from outside the cell and results in the dissolution or removal of that cell

Answer 52

Necrosis

Question 53

Necrosis involves activation of enzymes that digest cellular components called...

Answer 53

Auto digestion

Question 54

This type of cell death initiates the inflammatory response

Answer 54

Necrosis

Question 55

This cell death involves activation of a coordinated internal cellular program(sequence of events) that are mediated by defined cellular proteins

Answer 55

Apoptosis

Question 56

This cell death has no inflammatory response

Answer 56

Apoptosis