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CELLS - POM > Cell Injury And Fate > Flashcards

Cell Injury And Fate Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of cell injury?

A

Sublethal and lethal

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2
Q

What is lethal cell injury?

A

one that produces cell death

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3
Q

what is sublethal injury?

A

Produces injury but not amounting to cell death - may be reversible or even progress to cell death

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4
Q

What are seven causes of cell death?

A
  1. Oxygen deprivation
  2. Chemical agents
  3. Infectious agents
  4. Immunological reactions
  5. Genetic defects
  6. Nutritional imbalances
  7. Physical agents eg trauma or rdiation
  8. Aging
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5
Q

The cellular response to injurious stimuli depends on…

A
  1. type of injury
  2. duration
  3. severity of injury
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6
Q

The consequences of an injurious stimuli depend on?

A
  1. Type of cell

2. cell status

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7
Q

What are 4 intracellular systems which are particularly vulnerable to cell injury?

A
  1. Cell membrane integrity
  2. ATP generation
  3. Protein synthesis
  4. Integrity of genetic apparatus
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8
Q

What is meant by atrophy?

A

Shrinkage in size of a cell / organ by the loss of cell substance eg shrinking brain in dementia patient

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9
Q

What is meant by hypertrophy?

A

Increase in the size of the cells

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10
Q

What is a pathological example of hypertrophy?

A

‘Pathological’ cardiac hypertrophy is a condition that is characterized by the thickening of the heart muscle, a decrease in the size of the chambers of the heart, and a reduced capacity of the heart to pump blood to the tissues and organs around the body.

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11
Q

What is an example of physiological hypertrophy?

A

increase in the size of cells of the uterus during pregnancy to accomodate for the foetus

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12
Q

What is meant by hyperplasia?

A

An increase in he number of cells in an organ

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13
Q

What is the main cause of pathological hyperplasia

A

usually due to excessive hormonal or growth factor stimulation

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14
Q

Describe a physiological example where hyperplasia can occur?

A

increased oestrogen stimulation drives the increased proliferation of the endometrial glands leading to increased number of endometrial cells

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15
Q

What is a pathological example of hyperplasia?

A

carcinoma = too many cells leading to disease

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16
Q

what is metaplasia?

A

A reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another

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17
Q

Describe a pathological example of Metaplasia?

A

Barretts Oesophagus - The oesophagus is normally lined with squamous epithelium cells, acid reflux causes these to change to columnar epithelial cells

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18
Q

Describe a physiological example of metaplasia?

A

During pregnancy - cervix expands and due to the acid pH of the vagina, the columnar cells becomes squamous

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19
Q

What is meant by dysplasia?

A

Pre-cancerous cells which show the genetic and cytological features of malignancy but not invading the underlying tissue

20
Q

Why do cells undergoing dysplasia appear darker on a slide?

A

Due to an increased nuclear:cytoplasm ration

21
Q

What are the two forms of light microscopic changes associated with reversible injury?

A

fatty change and cellular swelling

22
Q

What is a common cause of fatty change

A

Alcohol

23
Q

What might be seen on a film on cells undergoing fatty change?

A

Accumulation of lipids in the cytoplasm - seen on film as large clear droplets filling the cytoplasm

24
Q

Which condition is fatty hepatic change usually associated with?

A

Alcoholic liver disease

25
Q

What is meant by cellular swelling?

A

When the cytoskeleton of cells are damaged leading to protein accumulation that results in cell swelling = degenerative changes

26
Q

What are the two features of alcoholic liver disease?

A

Fatty change and cellular swelling

27
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Confluent cell associated with inflammation

28
Q

What are the four types of necrosis?

A
  1. Coagulative necrosis
  2. Fatty necrosis
  3. Liquefactive necrosis
  4. Caseous necrosis
29
Q

What is meant by coagulative necrosis?

A

Accidental cell death typically caused by ischaemia or infarction

30
Q

What might muscle cells which have undergone myocardial infarction look like?

A

Inflammatory reaction to dead muscle cells results in lots of macrophages, but no nuclei as cells are dead

31
Q

What is liquefactive necrosis?

A

When the tissue becomes liquefied which results in a transformation of the tissue into a liquid viscous mass

32
Q

What type of necrosis occurs with cerebral infarction

A

Liquefactive necrosis

33
Q

What is caseous necrosis?

A

A unique form of cell death in which the tissue maintains a cheese like appearance

34
Q

What is fat necrosis?

A

Condition when damage to area of fat occurs - fat replaced with oily contents of the fat

35
Q

Which condition is highly associated with fat necrosis?

A

Acute pancreatitis

36
Q

Describe the fat necrosis seen in acute pancreatitis?

A

This is when pancreatic enzymes are activated in the pancreas, rather than the duodenum - results in lipases digesting pancreatic tissue into fatty acids and triglycerides which bind to Ca2+ ions and form salts which precipitate get deposited in the pancreas

37
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

38
Q

What are the five causes of apoptosis?

A

Embryogenesis.
Deletion of auto-reactive T cells in the thymus.
Hormone-dependent physiological involution.
Cell deletion in proliferating populations.
A variety of mild injurious stimuli that cause irreparable DNA damage that, in turn, triggers cell suicide pathways.

39
Q

Describe how a cell would undergo apoptosis?

A
  1. Cell undergoes injury
  2. Genetic errors arise from injury
  3. Attempts are made to repair the error but errors still remain
  4. Additional injury = Leads to apoptosis
40
Q

What are the key differences between apoptosis and necrosis?

A

Apoptosis might by physiological, necrosis is not
Apoptosis is an active, energy dependant process
Necrosis is associated with inflammation, apoptosis is not

41
Q

Why is ATP needed for Apoptosis?

A

ATP is needed to maintain cell membrane integrity and package apoptotic bodies

42
Q

What are physiological examples of apoptosis?

A

Elimination of self reactive T cells

43
Q

What is necropoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death, associated with inflammation

44
Q

How does a cell actually die through necrosis?

A

Enzymatic digestion and leakage of cellular components = cell membrane loses integrity

45
Q

How does a cell die through apoptosis?

A

Phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies and fragments

46
Q

What is a cause of necropoptosis?

A

Viral infections

CELLS - POM (15 decks)

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