Cell Injury/Cell death

Question 1

Hypoxia/hypoxemia

Answer 1

Less than normal amounts of O2 reaching the cells. Due to decreased blood supply to the area

Question 2

Ischemia

Answer 2

Decreased blood supply (blockage of some sort)

Question 3

Anoxia

Answer 3

Complete deprivation of O2

Question 4

Induction

Answer 4

One cell (or group) changes the behavior of another cell (group)

Question 5

Phagocytic

Answer 5

Cells that engulf foreign bodies, bacteria, dead material or debris

Question 6

Degeneration

Answer 6

Structural damage or nuclear breakdown of a cell that are mild or reversible

Question 7

Infarct

Answer 7

Necrosis (cell death) that results from complete lack of O2

Question 8

Coagulative necrosis

Answer 8

Tissue death due to lack of O2. Tissue will remain relatively intact. Found in kidneys, heart, brain

Question 9

Liquefactive necrosis

Answer 9

Death cause from pus causing bacteria. Granulocytes congregate to tissue and cause a wet appearance (abscess)

Question 10

Caseous necrosis

Answer 10

Tissue death caused by bacteria. Tissue structure lost. Looks like yellowy crumbly cheese. Associated with TB

Question 11

Fat necrosis

Answer 11

Tissue death from breakdown of fat into fatty acids. Will have yellow flakes of gritty material. Found in the abdomen and associated with pancreatitis

Question 12

Gummatous necrosis

Answer 12

Tissue death from infection. Tissue will be firm with a necrotic gummy center. Most often found in the liver and in response to syphilis

Question 13

Fibrinoid necrosis

Answer 13

Death from immune reactions involving blood vessels. Tissue will have a bright pink, amorphous, fibrin appearance. May become calcified over time. Usually associated with vasculitis

Question 14

Fat saponification

Answer 14

no idea

Question 15

Wet gangrene

Answer 15

Due to bacterial infection. Looks like swelling, blistering, and wet appearance. From burns or frostbite. Tissue is swollen, dark red and foul odor

Question 16

Dry gangrene

Answer 16

Due to lack of oxygen. Looks like dry and shriveled skin, ranging in color from brown to blue/purple to black. Occurs in patients with atherosclerosis.

Question 17

regeneration

Answer 17

The replacement of lost cells and tissue whose function is so similar to the original cell that replacement is considered identical.

Question 18

Difference between reversible cell injury and irreversible cell injury

Answer 18

Reversible - degenerative in nature meaning there is still function and it can be repaired. Irreversible - the cell function is lost and results in death either due to cell membrane disruption or mitochondrial dysfunction

Question 19

Morphologic changes in reversible injury

Answer 19

swelling and fatty change

Question 20

Morphologic changes in irreversible injury

Answer 20

Pyknosis - shrinkage of nucleus, karyolysis - breakdown of nucleus loss of basophilia, karyorrhexis - fragmentation of nucleus

Question 21

How do free radicals cause cell damage

Answer 21

Cause damage to proteins, DNA, and membranes by stealing electrons via oxidation

Question 22

Effector

Answer 22

A small molecule that modulates (regulates) enzyme activities

Question 23

Degradation

Answer 23

Physical, metabolic, or chemical change from a more complex form to a less complex form

Question 24

Apoptosis

Answer 24

Programmed cell death. Nuclear chromatin are dark/condensed. Cell shrinks and organelles compact. Can be caused by internal or external things.

Question 25

Atrophy

Answer 25

Decrease in the size or # of a cell that was of normal size at one time.

Question 26

Hypertrophy

Answer 26

Increase in the size of the cell, resulting in the increase size of tissue

Question 27

Hyperplasia

Answer 27

Increase in the number of cells, resulting in increase size of the tissue

Question 28

Metaplasia

Answer 28

Change of epithelium from one kind to another. Normal appearance, but abnormal location

Question 29

Dysplasia

Answer 29

Abnormal alteration in tissue due to abnormal cellular function

Question 30

Anaplasia

Answer 30

Loss of cellular microscopic features that distinguish one cell type from another. Common in cancer

Question 31

2 types of atrophy

Answer 31

1. Physiologic - due to normal stressors (ie uterus shrinks after pregnancy) 2. Pathologic - Due to abnormal stressors (loss of blood flow, no endocrine stimulus)

Question 32

What does single cell necrosis look like

Answer 32

The cell membrane breaks and internal structures leak out

Question 33

What does single cell apoptosis look like

Answer 33

The nucleus and organelles break apart into blebs, which then break off and form apoptotic bodies. Cell dies