Cell Injury, Cell Death, and Adaptations

Question 1

the study of suffering, what happens to tissue/organs of the body in the presence of disease

Answer 1

pathology

Question 2

pathological process of the body organ(s) with its own signs and symptoms

Answer 2

disease

Question 3

dysfunction of significant number of cells in the organ must occur before it is called a

Answer 3

disease

Question 4

when organ is normal but malfunction of the organ exists

Answer 4

disorder

Question 5

disease may or may not be present in a

Answer 5

disorder

Question 6

the physical and/or mental state of being unwell is called

Answer 6

sickness

Question 7

well being state indicating normality of body, mind, and spirit

Answer 7

health

Question 8

a sign is:

Answer 8

observable “objective” or measurable physical manifestations of disease(s) or disorder(s)

Question 9

a symptom is:

Answer 9

“subjective” evidence of a disease or disorder

Question 10

attachment of a specific name to a specific disease or disorder is called a

Answer 10

diagnosis

Question 11

making a prediction of the outcome of a disease or disorder is called

Answer 11

prognosis

Question 12

treatment of a disease or disorder is called

Answer 12

therapy

Question 13

the “cause of” a disease or disorder is called

Answer 13

etiology

Question 14

the underlying mechanisms resulting in the signs and symptoms of the patient are the

Answer 14

pathogenesis

Question 15

the gross or microscopic appearance of cells and tissues are

Answer 15

morphology

Question 16

for a disease or disorder to become manifested clinically, there first must be a:

Answer 16

dysfunction of a significant number of cells in an organ or tissue

Question 17

an equilibrium of the microenvironment of the cell is called

Answer 17

homeostasis

Question 18

adjusting to a new situation to preserve viability and function is

Answer 18

adaptation

Question 19

what is the pathological definition of stress

Answer 19

any demand on the cell requiring it to adapt

Question 20

list the principle adaptive responses

Answer 20

• hypertrophy
• hyperplasia
• atrophy
• metaplasia

Question 21

what are the types of cell death

Answer 21

necrosis and apoptosis

Question 22

factors that affect stress on the cell

Answer 22

• vulnerability
• differentiation
• blood supply
• state of nutrition
• state of cellular health

Question 23

molecular and biochemical levels that stress may affect

Answer 23

• maintenance of cellular membrane
• maintenance of ionic/osmotic balance
• energy production by the cell
• protein synthesis
• genetic apparatus

Question 24

what are adaptations?

Answer 24

reversible changes in the number, size, metabolic activity and functions of cells

Question 25

physiologic adaptation is

Answer 25

cellular response to normal stimulation

Question 26

pathologic adaptation is

Answer 26

modified cellular response to avoid injury

Question 27

increase in the size of cells resulting in increase in the size of the organ is called

Answer 27

hypertrophy

Question 28

adaptation where there is no new cells, just bigger cells

Answer 28

hypertrophy

Question 29

example of physiologic hypertrophy

Answer 29

weightlifter

Question 30

example of pathologic hypertropy

Answer 30

cardiac enlargement- hypertension, or aortic valve stenosis

Question 31

adaptation where there is an increase in cell number is

Answer 31

hyperplasia

Question 32

______ occurs in cells capable of replication

Answer 32

hyperplasia

Question 33

can hyperplasia occur with hypertrophy?

Answer 33

yes

Question 34

examples of physiologic hyperplasia

Answer 34

- hormonal (breast changes in puberty and pregnancy) | - compensatory (part of tissue is removed in kidney, liver)

Question 35

examples of pathologic hyperplasia

Answer 35

-excessive hormonal or growth factor stimulation | abnormal menstrual bleeding, viral infection causing warts

Question 36

shrinkage in the size of the cell by loss of cell substance is called

Answer 36

atrophy

Question 37

in atrophy, what occurs?

Answer 37

tissue or organ size diminishes, function diminishes but not death

Question 38

causes of atrophy include

Answer 38

- immobilization - loss of innervation - diminished blood supply - inadequate nutrition - loss of endocrine stimulation - aging

Question 39

what occurs with autophagy in atrophy?

Answer 39

cell in nutritionally depleted state and makes lysozyme vacuoles to dissolve its own components like "eating itself"

Question 40

reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type is called

Answer 40

metaplasia

Question 41

why is metaplasia a useful adaptation

Answer 41

cells sensitive to a certain stress are replaced by another cell type capable of better withstanding that stress

Question 42

what types of cells are involved in metaplasia

Answer 42

it is a genetic "reprogramming" of stem cells and NOT changing of already differentiated cells

Question 43

examples of metaplasia

Answer 43

- cigarette smoking | - gastric reflux

Question 44

necrosis

Answer 44

- enzymes leak out of lysosomes and cell is digested - leakage through cell membrane elicits inflammation - due to ischemia (lack of blood supply), toxins, infections, trauma

Question 45

apoptosis

Answer 45

cell kills itself, no membrane leakage | "cell suicide", no inflammation

Question 46

causes of cell injury: | -iatrogenic

Answer 46

doctor caused disease or disorder | e.g. medication reaction

Question 47

causes of cell injury: | -fomite

Answer 47

object capable of transmitting a disease | e.g. improperly cleaned instruments

Question 48

causes of cell injury: stress factors | -hypoxia

Answer 48

oxygen deficiency caused by - ischemia- decreased blood supply - inadequate oxygenation of blood (pneumonia) - reduction in oxygen carrying capacity of the blood (anemia, CO poisoning)

Question 49

causes of cell injury: stress factors | -chemical agents

Answer 49

alter membrane permeability, osmotic homeostasis, enzyme damage (e.g. glucose, salt, oxygen)

Question 50

causes of cell injury: stress factors | -infectious agents

Answer 50

-viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans, etc.

Question 51

causes of cell injury: stress factors | -immunologic reactions

Answer 51

- defend against pathologic organisms - autoimmune reactions against one's own tissues - allergic reactions

Question 52

causes of cell injury: stress factors | -genetic defects

Answer 52

can cause cell injury by inborn errors of metabolism | -accumulation of damaged DNA

Question 53

causes of cell injury: stress factors | -nutritional imbalances

Answer 53

- protein calorie insufficiency - vitamin deficiencies - excesses in nutrition (obesity)

Question 54

causes of cell injury: stress factors | -physical agents

Answer 54

- trauma - extremes of temp - radiation - electrical energy - changes in atmospheric pressure (sudden)

Question 55

causes of cell injury: stress factors | -aging

Answer 55

- alterations in replication and repair abilities | - long term accumulation of toxins, radiation, injuries, etc.

Question 56

necrosis is the

Answer 56

degradative action of enzymes on lethally injured cells

Question 57

what occurs in necrosis

Answer 57

membrane integrity is lost and contents leak out causing inflammation

Question 58

where do the enzymes come from in necrosis

Answer 58

from cellular lysosomes or from the lysosomes from recruited leukocytes

Question 59

in necrosis, enzymes given off from a particular organ can indicate damage to that organ. what are these for the heart and liver

Answer 59

heart- CPK, troponin | liver- alkaline phosphate, transaminases (AST, ALT)

Question 60

3 types of necrosis

Answer 60

- coagulative - liquifactive - caseous

Question 61

coagulative necrosis

Answer 61

tissue necrosis in which components cells are dead but basic architecture is preserved for a short while

Question 62

liquefactive necrosis

Answer 62

complete digestion of the cell

Question 63

caseous necrosis

Answer 63

friable yellow-white appearance (cheese-like) architecture competed obliterated -has an inflammatory border giving the appearance of a granuloma

Question 64

what are lysosomes

Answer 64

cytoplasmic bodies that contain hydrolytic enzymes used to breakdown phagocytes material

Question 65

autophagy is

Answer 65

digestion of cell's own components (a survival mechanism in times of nutrient deprivation)

Question 66

heterophagy is

Answer 66

ingestion of outside material for intracellular destruction (example: macrophage)