Cell Introduction

Question 1

Cell properties

Answer 1

Highly organized
Defined structure an function
Basic unit of life
Can be morphologically diverse
Reflectin wide ranging,spesific function

Question 2

Cell general classification

Answer 2

Based on presence ob membrane around nuclear/ genetic material
Prokaryotes no defied nuclear bacteria
Eukaryotes (defined nuclear structure - plants lungi animal
Viruses: required host e bacteria in mail plant to livepreplicate

Question 3

Cell principle

Answer 3

Most cell can replicate themself (exceptions- erythrocyte y platelets)
Acquire/ metabolize nutrients

Question 4

What is cytosol

Answer 4

Water containing in organic ions and small organic molecules
70-80% of the weight of cell
Macro molecules (proteins, polysaccharides • lipids an DNA RNA) remaining. Weight of acell

Question 5

What is Cytoplasm

Answer 5

Memi-solidi fluid
Defines all contents cytosol organelles of the cell and side the nucleus
And cytoplasmic membrane

Question 6

Eukaryotic cell prokaryotic cell and viruses comparison

Answer 6

Eukaryoticell is bigger 210-100 um )
Prokaryotic cell medium 2
Virus smallest 50nm (bat not less complex behavior
Smaller cells canbe structurally simpler
Nutrients con diffuse more in smaller cells

Question 7

General structure of eukaryotic cell

Answer 7

High organized
Similar sub cellular components such as organelles that define the define the individual cel suchas nucleus endoplasmic eretidum
Golgi mitochondria
Direct specific infractions which neighboring ocell
Extra cellular matrix

’

Question 8

Res blood cell features

Answer 8

Discoid shape
Lack of nucleus
Facilities movement through blood vessels
Provide large surface area for exchange of oxygen and carbon
Dioxide
Stick to each other to form blooddlots

Question 9

Epithelial cells

Answer 9

Some epithelial cells have microvili at one end
Giving the cell polarity
Increasing the surface area for absorption of nutrients

Question 10

Chondrcytes cell

Answer 10

Found in cartilage
Embedded in thick extra cellular matrix of protein that hold water to provide fashioning, shock absorption

Question 11

Why is the knowledge of structure of cell is impotent

Question 12

DNA in eukaryotic cell the nucleus

Answer 12

DNA . Packaged into chromosomes
Whithin nuclear matrix (nucleoplasm
Most cell are diploid
Having two copies of the 23 chromosomes
DNA packaged with portions into super coiled structure
Chromatin to form individual chromosome
Contain the enzymes and portions for regulation of DNA

Question 13

Nucleoli (ribosomes assembled)?

Answer 13

Several region of RNA and protein

Question 14

What nucleoli is surrounded

Answer 14

A double membreme - the nuclear envelope and is contiguous with the.fr

Question 15

Nuclear pores ? ( punctuate )

Answer 15

Facilitate movement of small molecules proteins and newly formed ribosomes

Question 16

Typically single ovoid structure

Answer 16

Some cells have several nuclei (osteoclasts)
Have lobular nuclei (neutrophil)
Skeletal muscle cells can have many nuclei - multiple cells fuse during development to create a muscle libra

Question 17

Endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 17

Network of membrane fold (cisternae)
With A comment
Interconnected when that links to thenuclear membrane
Rough Er
Attached ribosome
Smooth Er
No attached ribosomes
Serves as a store of Ca2+ in muscle cells
Synthesis of lipids and steroids and detoxification of drug in liver cell
Prodien synthesized undergo post translational modification inside beforegolgy

Question 18

Golly complex

Answer 18

Derived from Er
But not longer connected
Stack of flattened smooth membrane sacs and vesicles
Consist of 2 subunits large and small subunit
Eukaryote 80s ribosome 60s and 40s
Prokaryotes - zoo ribosome 50 S and 3OS
S = sved berg unit and sedimentation co– article that differ in mass shape density sediment at different velocities

Question 19

Mitochondria?

Answer 19

‘has their own DNA

Question 20

Lysosomes?

Answer 20

Derived from Golgi complex
Contain various enzymes
Work in an acidic environment avoid pH 5.0

Question 21

Endosome?

Answer 21

Structures formed by pinching off part cytoplasmic membrane
Material like lipoproteins or foreign bodies are brought inside cell

Question 22

Phagosome?

Answer 22

Found in specialized cells (macrophages)and beak down foreign bodies
Bacteria are involve the cytoplasmicmembrameengulhing and pinching off inside the cell I
Creating a specialized micro environment within the cell where and reactive oxygen

Question 23

Peroxisome?

Answer 23

Result from defects in synthesis. Of some molecules that protect neurons and transporting some enzymes to the peroxisomein liver 9 kidney, brain cell

Question 24

Ribosome?

Answer 24

Site of protein synthesis
Consist of 2 subunits larg andsonall sub s . unit
Eukaryotes 80s ribosome (605and 40s
Prokaryotes- 70s ribsome(50sand 30s)

Question 25

Diseases that cause from abnormal function of organelles

Question 26

'ribosome

Question 27

rRNA

Answer 27

Hold and interact to give the ribosome 3D structure

Question 28

Muscle cells

Answer 28

Have several specific protein fibers Actin and myosin With distinctive organization Facilitate cellularhissue contratileforces

Question 29

Skeletal and cardiac tissue

Answer 29

Contractile libbers are arranged into prominent structure calledsarcomeres Numerous sarcomeres pull along the length of the cell

Question 30

Smooth muscle

Answer 30

Have less defined sarcomeres With the actin filament arranged obliquely within the cytoplasm and having defied anchor points in the cytoplasm(dense bodies And cytoplasmic membrane - '(dense plaques) Causing contraction in twisting manner

Question 31

Membrane

Answer 31

All cells are bounded by membrane Formed by two phospholipid layers Due to amphipathic properties form bilayer Structure Regulates movement of moleculeinto and out of the cell Contact and interactions with neighboring lens Extracellular environment depend on Properties of the membrane - dynamic structure Molecules embedded in oron the membrane Intracellular organelles:bonded by membranes can be single or double) with similar general properties to the cytoplasmic membrane Defined compartment within the cell enabling specific activities which in that environment Structure

Question 32

What is the purpose un organelles

Question 33

A can you identify specific organelles in the cell and outlines their function

Question 34

Is the ribosome an organelle

Answer 34

No because it doesn’t have membrane

Question 35

Why is cell shape important and what helps define its shape

Question 36

Naked viruses

Answer 36

Capsid only Includes papilla merirus polio, hepatitis A

Question 37

Envelope viruses

Answer 37

Capsid surrounded by lipid belayer or envelope derived from host cell membrane when it leaves the host the cell Envelope contain viral proteins for targeting infecting specific cell types Include: HIV influenza A and B - coronaviruses

Question 38

Outline the differences between mundane eakaredi and prokaryotic cell

Question 39

Can you describe the structural anatomy of viruses and give a named example for each

Question 40

By increasing in complexity in cell structure what happen the cell

Answer 40

Greater ranges in function Specialization Development of more complex multi cellular organisms

Question 41

Simplicity obstructuare properties

Answer 41

Ease of adaptability Jacklyn respond to changes in environment

Question 42

Why undressing about the shape of thecell and organization and relative amount sub-cellular components is important

Answer 42

To understand the demands and and functions and specializations of the cell

Question 43

Complex of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and ribose mealprodien

Answer 43

rRNA hold and interact to give the ribosome 3D structure

Question 44

S

Answer 44

Sued berg unit and is sedimentation co-effición. Articles that differ inmass shape and density sediment at different velocities

Question 45

Cytoplasmic membrane

Answer 45

Also known as Plasma membrane Marco lemma (muscle cells) Plasmalemmo

Question 46

Prokaryotes '

Answer 46

Bacteria DNA free in cytoplasm Not surrounded by nuclear membrane usually In circular form called nuclei Have smaller genome Often single circular chromosome- haploid More rapid replication and regulation of their DNA Baked, extra-chromosomal DNA- plasmids Ribosomes are smaller in prokaryotes Within sub he differences in structure and biochemistry Lack membrane bound intra-cellar organelles or vesicles Electron transport chain(etc)protein located in cytoplasmic membrane Etc in mitochondria in eukaryotes ) Most prokaryote never call wall composed distinctive molecules like peptidglycan Important role in shop and structure and preventing osmolysis Animal cell lack cell walls butsome eukaryotic Do have cell walls such as plants cellulose And fungi chitin and mannan Some pro-- form spores and Can survive many years Resistant to marry antimicrobial s Major cause of infection

Question 47

Viruses

Answer 47

Grouped with micro-organisms Sm all entities (20 - 300mm)that require a host to live Supramolecular structure of nuclei acids protein and sometimes lipids carbohydrates Isimple genomes but genetic organization varies among viruses can le doublestraded DNA single strand DNA RNA Classification con be complex and basedon DNA or RNA As viruses use a host cell of their replication their host cell missal