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cell keywords Flashcards

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1
Q

In vitro

A

This refers to experiments carried out outside the living body, e.g. test tubes.

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2
Q

In vivo

A

This refers to experiments that are carried out within living bodies.

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3
Q

Anaphase

A

The third stage of Mitosis, the centromere splits and one chromatid is pulled into opposite ends of the cell.

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4
Q

Cancer

A

A disease, resulting from mutations, that leads to uncontrollable cell division and the eventual formation of a group of abnormal cells called a tumour.

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5
Q

Carcinogen

A

A chemical, form of radiation or other agent that causes cancer.

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6
Q

Cell cycle

A

The series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication.

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7
Q

Centrifugation

A

The process of separating out particles of different sizes and densities by spinning them at a high speed in a centrifuge.

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8
Q

Centriole

A

Structures that form during the cell chcle responsible for the formation of spimdle fibres.

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9
Q

Centromere

A

The centre structure within a chromosome that joins that chromatids.

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10
Q

Cholesterol

A

It is a lipid that is an important component of cell-surface membranes.

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11
Q

Chromatid

A

One of the two copies of a chromosome that are joined together by a single centromere prior to cell
division.

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12
Q

Chromatid

A

One of the two copies of a chromosome that are joined together by a single centromere prior to cell division.

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13
Q

Chromatin

A

Uncondensed DNA when it is not wound up tightly as a chromosome.

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14
Q

Chromosome

A

A thread-like structure made of protein and DNA by which hereditary information is physically passed from one generation to the next.

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15
Q

Chromosome

A

It is a thread-like structure made of protein and DNA by which hereditary information is physically passed from one generation to the next.

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16
Q

Clone

A

A group of genetically identical organisms formed from a single parent as a result of asexual reproduction or by artificial means.

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17
Q

Crossing over

A

The process whereby a chromatid breaks during meiosis and rejoins to the chromatid of its homologous chromosome so that their alleles are exchanged.

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18
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The process in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells following the telophase of Mitosis and Meiosis.

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19
Q

Differentiation

A

The process by which cells become specialised for different functions.

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20
Q

Differentiation

A

The process by which cells become specialised for different functions.

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21
Q

Diffusion

A

It is the movement of molecules or ions form a region where there are in high concentration to one where their concentration is lower.

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22
Q

Diploid

A

Cells in which the nucleus contains two sers of chromosomes.

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23
Q

DNA replication

A

The process by which a cell makes a copy of the DNA found within the nucleus.

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24
Q

Eukaryotic Cell

A

It is a cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and chromosomes.

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25
**Facilitated diffusion**
It is a type of diffusion involving the presence of protein carrier molecules to allow the passive movement of substances across plasma membranes.
26
**Glycoprotein**
A substance made up of a carbohydrate molecule and a protein molecule.
27
**Guard Cell**
It is one of a pair of cells that surround a stoma in plant leaves and controls its opening and closing.
28
**High-density lipoprotein (HDL)**
A compound of protein and lipid molecules found in blood plasma, it transports cholesterol from other cells to the liver.
29
**Homologlogus Chromosomes**
A pair of chromosomes, one maternal and one paternal, that have the same gene loci and therefore determine the same features.
30
**Hydrogen bond**
A chemical bond formed between the positive charge on a hydrogen atom and the negative charge on another atom of an adjacent molecule.
31
**Hydrolysis**
The breaking down of large molecules into smaller ones by the addition of water molecules.
32
**Interphase**
The longest phase of the cell cycle in which the cell increases in size and makes a copy of its DNA.
33
**Intrinsic proteins**
Proteins of the cell-surface membrane that completely span the phospholipid bilayer from one side to the other.
34
**Ion channel**
It is a passage across a cell-surface membrane made up of a protein that spans the membrane and opens and closes to allow ions to pass in and out of the cell.
35
**Ion**
It is an atom or group of atoms that has lost or gained one or more electrons.
36
**Isotonic**
These are solutions that possess the same concentration of solutes and therefore have the same water potential.
37
**Isotope**
They are variations of a chemical element that have the same number of protons and electrons but different numbers of neutrons.
38
**Kinetic energy**
This is energy that an object possesses due to its motion.
39
**Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)**
It is a compound containing both protein and lipid molecules that occurs in blood plasma and lymph, it carries cholesterol from the liver to other cells in the body.
40
**Meiosis**
This is the type of nuclear division in which the number of chromosomes is halved.
41
**Mesophyll**
Tissue found between the two layers of epidermis in a plant leave comprising an upper layer of palisade cells and a lower layer of spongy cells.
42
**Metabolism**
This is all the chemical processes that take place in living organisms.
43
**Metaphase**
The second stage of mitosis; chromosomes line-up along the centre of the cdll & spindle fibres attach to the centromere of each chromosome.
44
**Microvilli**
They're tiny finger-like projections from the cell-surface membrane of some animals.
45
**Middle lamella**
A layer made up of pectins and other substances found between the walls of adjacent plant cells
46
**Mitosis**
This is the type of nuclear division in which the daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
47
**Mitosis**
The type of nuclear division in which the daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
48
**Mono-unsaturated fatty acid**
it is a fatty acid that possesses a carbon chain with a single double bond.
49
**Monomer**
It is one of many small molecules that combine to form a larger one known as a polymer.
50
**Mutagen**
Any agent that induces a mutation.
51
**Mutation**
A sudden change in the amount or the arrangement of the genetic material in the cell.
52
**Osmosis**
It is the passage of water from a region of high water potential to a region where its water potential was lower through a partially permeable membrane.
53
**Palisade cells**
Long, narrow cells packed with chloroplasts that are found in the upper region of a leaf and which carry out photosynthesis.
54
**Peptide bond**
The chemical bond formed between two amino acids during condensation.
55
**Phagocytosis**
A mechanism by which cells engulf particles to form a vesicle or a vacuole.
56
**Phloem**
Plant tissue that transports the products of photosynthesis from leaves to the rest of the plant.
57
**Photomicrograph**
Photograph of an image produced by a microscope.
58
**Plasmid**
A small circular piece of DNA found bacterial cells.
59
**Polymer**
A large molecule made up of repeating smaller molecules.
60
**Polyunsaturated fatty acid**
A fatty acid that possesses carbon chains with many double bonds.
61
**Prokaryotic cell**
A cell that does not have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles.
62
**Prokaryotic Cell**
A cell that does not have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles.
63
**Prophase**
First stage of mitosis; chromatin in the nucleus condenses to form chromosomes.
64
**Protoplast**
The living portion of a plant cell ( I.e the nucleus and cytoplasm along with the organelles it contains.)
65
**Receptor**
It's a cell adapted to detect changes in the environment.
66
**Recognition site**
A nucleotide sequence that is recognised by restriction endonuclease into which attaches.
67
**Saturated fatty acid**
A fatty acid in which there are no double bonds between the carbon atoms.
68
**Sodium Potassium pump**
These are protein channels across cell-surface membranes that use ATP to move sodium ions out of the cell in exchange for potassium ions that move in.
69
**Spindle Fibre**
Fibre-like structure that pulls or separates the chromosomes into thr daughter cells during cell division.
70
**Stem cell**
Undiffereniated dividing cells that occur in embryos and in adult animal tissues that require constant replacement.
71
**Stem Cell**
These are undifferentiated dividing cells that occur in embryos and in adult animal tissues that require constant replacement.
72
**Stoma (plural stomata)**
A pore, mostly in the lower epidermis of a leaf through which gases diffuse in and out of the leaf.
73
**Stroma**
Matrix of a chloroplast where the light-independent reaction of photosynthesis takes place.
74
**Substrate**
A substance that is acted on or used by another substance or process.
75
**Supernatant liquid**
The liquid portion of a mixture left at the top of the tube when suspended particles have been separated out at the bottom during centrifugation.
76
**Telophase**
The fourth stage of mitosis; a new nucleus forms around the chromatids as they lose their shape and return to chromatin.
77
**Thykaloid**
A series of flattened membranous sacs in a chloroplast that contain chlorophyll and the associated molecules needed for the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis.
78
**Tissue**
A group of similar cells organized imto a structural unit that serves a particular function.
79
**Tissue**
A group of similar cells organised into a structural unit that serves a particular function.
80
**Triglyceride**
An individual lipid molecule made up of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acids.
81
**Tumour suppressor genre**
A gene that maintains normal rates of cell division and so prevents the development of tumours.
82
**Tumour**
A swelling in an organism that is made up of cells that continue to divide in an abnormal way.
83
**Ultrafiltration**
Filtration assisted by blood pressure.
84
**Unsaturated fatty acid**
A fatty acid in which there are one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms.
85
**Voltage-gated channels**
Protein channel across a cell-surface membrane that opens and closes according to changes in the electrical potential across the membrane.
86
**Water potential**
The pressure created by water molecules. The measure of the extent to which a solution gives out water.
87
**Xerophyte**
A plant adapted to living in dry conditions.
88
**Xylem Vessels**
Dead, hollow, elongated tubes with lignified side walls and no end walls, that transport water in most plants.
89
**Granum**
A stack of thylakoids in a chloroplast that resembles a pile of coins, this is the site of the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis.
90
**Phospholipid**
These are triglycerides in which one of the three fatty acid molecules is replaced by phosphate molecule.
91
**Carrier molecule (carrier protein)**
It is a protein on the surface of a cell that helps to transport molecules and ions across a plasma membrane.
92
Active transport
Movement of a substance from a region where it is in a low concentration to a region where it is in a high concentration. The process requires the expenditure of metabolic energy in the form of ATP.
93
Bilayer
A membrane consisting of two layers of phospholipids.

Cells (5 decks)

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