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Cell Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What is the level organization of muscle?

A

Muscle -> Fasciulus (dissect) -> fiber (LM) -> myofibril -> myofilaments (EM) -> Act/Myosin

Fas->Fib-> M. Fib -> M. Fil

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2
Q

What is resolution of unaided eye? Light microscope?

A

eye- 0.2 mm
LM- 0.2 um

LM 1000x better

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3
Q

What kind of reaction occurs during staining w/ sudan black?

A

Periodic Acid Schiff Reaction

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4
Q

With what microscope can we see organelles?

A

TEM (transmission electron microscope)

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5
Q

What are dark areas called on a TEM? Light areas?

A

Dark - electron dense

Light- electron lucent

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6
Q

What size is the nucleus and what does it house?

A

5-10 um, houses the genome

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7
Q

What separates the inner and outer nuclear envelope?

A

Perinuclear cisterna

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8
Q

Between heterochromatin and euchromatin, what is active? What occurs in this area?

A

Heterochromatin is very dark, not active

Euchromatin is very active -> gene transcription, TRANSCRIPTIONALLY ACTIVE (

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9
Q

What does the outer layer of the nuclear envelope contain? What does the inner nuclear envelop contain?

A

Outer- ribosomes

Inner- Lamins (IM filaments) for chromosomes attach

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10
Q

How much DNA is in the nucleus? How does it fit?

A

5 cm/chromosomes in the 5-10 um nucleus

Beads on a string/coil

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11
Q

What share is nucleolus? What -philic is it (and the acidity)? What two things does it contain?

A

Spherical
Basophilic (so is acidic bc of nucleic acid)
contains rRNA + protein

RNA POLYMERASE and rDNA

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12
Q

What size molecules must be transported across active process w/ energy?

A

9 nm

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13
Q

How do macromolecules transport across NPC?

A

Large aqueous pore thru protein transportes in the the lipid bilayer

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14
Q

What are the steps for cargo proteins

A
  • Nuclear signal on protein recognized by import receptor
  • NIR binds to NLS and to fibrils of NPC
  • NIR dissociantes from cargo and returns to cytosol
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15
Q

What is a cisternae?

A

A fluid containing sac or cavity

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16
Q

What is lamellar?

A

Sheets stacked w/ fluid or matrix in between

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17
Q

What does mitochondria stain with?

A

Acidophilic dye (means basic structure)

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18
Q

Where are mitochondria located? What do they create?

A

Located where energy requirement is high

Transforms chemical energy to high energy phosphate in ATP

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19
Q

What does mitochondria store? What two important details does mitochondria have?

A

Stores calcium (along w/ endoplasmic reticulum)

Mitochondria have ribosomes + OWN DNA to make own proteins

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20
Q

What processes occur w/i mitochondria?

A
  • chem energy to high energy phosphate ATP
  • Beta oxidation of LCFA (in matrix)
  • ETC (fat/sugars are intermediates)

STEROID HORMONE SYNTHESIS

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21
Q

What is found in inner mitochondrial membrane? What processes?

A

Cytochromes
Dehydrogenases
Flavoproteins

IMPERMEABLE TO MOST
cofactors for electron transport chain
SIDE CHAIN CLEAVE

Apoptosis/detox/metabolism/heme

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22
Q

How do mitochondria participate in steroid hormone synthesis?

A

-side chain on cholesterol removed “side chain cleavage”

Enzyme “desmolase” CYP11A1/P450 11A1 to create
PREGNENOLONE (preursor to C18,C19, 21) progesterone/aldosterone/testosterone

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23
Q

What does the outer mitochondrial membrane do?

A

Permeable to most, w/ import site, cristas

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24
Q

What is the RER continuous with?

A

The outer nuclear envelope AND the SER

*continuous membrane

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25
What does RER stain with? Where is it found?
stains basophilic (means acidic) Found in protein secreting cells (plasma cells make antibodies)
26
What are polyribosomes associated with?
mRNA and found in cytosol or RER membranes
27
What do polysomes sythesize?
Proteins that remain w/i cytoplasm
28
When do cells become polarized?
Faciliate job protein (Golgi complex)
29
What is the process rom RER after a meal?
RER -> Golgi -> secretory granules at APEX of cell until needed after meal -> released from cell
30
What is the function of SER?
Uptake/release of calcium SYNTHESIS OF STEROID Break down of glycogen, form lipoproteins + bile, detox LIVER!!
31
What is the obligate intermediate to all steroid hormones? Whats the transformation?
Cholesterol (SCC in mitochondria w/ desmolase) -> pregnenolone -> SER progesterone ->Testosterone
32
All cisternal are not identical. How do proteins/lipids enter and leave golgi?
Enter Cis (Osmium reduction) exit TGN (trans golgi network) w/ acid phosphatase
33
How do mitochondria divide vs golgi?
``` Mitochondria = fission Golgi= fall apart and reorganize ```
34
What happens to folded proteins from RER?
Folded move via vesicles to Golgi -> glycosylation, sulfating from cis to trans w/ secretory granules
35
What are post-translation modifications of proteins?
Carbs, add sugar + sulfate + phosphate Condense, synthesis of lipoproteins, acid hydrolyses, acrosomess in sperm, sorting DISTINCT COMPARTMENTS
36
What are constitutive secretory pathways?
Unregulated discharge from cells
37
What are regulated secretory pathways?
Discharge from cytoplasmic granules in response to appropriate stiuli
38
What are lysosomes?
- Membrane bound organelles - Hydrolytic enzymes - acidic (pH 4.5-5.5) - electon dense heterogenous content - digest ingested materials or aged/damaged organelles
39
How are hydrolytic enzymes formed?
RER w/ terminal mannose-6-phosphate to be packaged in lysosomes packed at TRANS -> buds from new vesicles (small, homogenous e- dense) -Primary lysosomes (early ones) fuse w/ phagocytic or other vesicles for endosomes/secondary lysosomes ACT AT LOW PH w/ protein pump to maintain acidity
40
What is Gaucher's disease?
Deficient breakdown of sphingolipids (defective glucocerebrosidase -> spleen CNS) Type 1- no neuro, late childhood/early adolescence for bone, liver, spleen, lungs Type 2- occurs early (2,3 months) neuro symptoms -> death by 2 Type 3- ADULT - heptosplenomegaly w/ neuro -> death by 40
41
What is Niemann-Pick disease?
Defective Sphingomylinase (accumulation of sphingomyelin and cholesterol in spleen + CNS) Cholesterol accumulation
42
What is Tay-Sachs?
Deficiency of B-N-acetylhexosamindase -> gangliosides in CNS Dementia, blindness, death after 3 years GM2 gangliosides w/ increased brain weight due to gloss
43
How are lysosomal storage disorders detected?
Enzymatic activity of leukocytes + fibroblast
44
What is macroautophagy?
Degradation of cytoplasmic components of cell in autophagosome that fuses to form hybrid autolysome
45
Are all lyosomeal diseases storage disorders?
No, some are defective lysosomal enzyme carriers rather than storage material itself for cellular pathologies in LSDs
46
What enzyme is released by osteoclasts?
Cahtepsin K created by H+ ATPase pump w/i lacna
47
What do CD8+ cytolytic T cells and NKC secrete?
Perforin (pore forming)
48
What do melanocytes have to produce pigmentation?
Melanosomes
49
What are diseases for defects in pigmentation?
Chediak-Hiagashi snydrome + Griscelli Syndrome 1
50
How do proteasome deal with proteins?
Individual molecules w/ ubiquitin molecules to break down to peptides NO STRUCTURE, NOT AN ORGANELLE, it is a GROUP of proteins that have a function
51
How do lysosomes deal w/ proteins?
bulk material, ingests and degrades
52
What do peroxisomes contain?
ox enzymes + catalase
53
What re are the functions of peroxisomes?
- lipid metabolism (beta ox of LCFA - like mitochondria) - synthesize cholesterol Degrade H2O2 (product of ox. reactions)
54
What is a disease associated with peroxisomes and VLCFAS? What symptoms?
Zellweger's Syndrome breakdown of myelin, accumulation of toxic substances (iron, copper) CEREBROHEPATORENAL SYNDROME DUE TO ABSENCE OF PEROXISOMAL ENZYMES
55
What is significant about cytoskeleton?
Unique to eukaryotic cells Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments Polymers of subunits, comprising cytoskeleton
56
What enzymes break down glycogen? Where is it found?
SER breaks down Found in liver
57
What is lipofusion?
Yellow-brown pigment that accumulates w/ cells
58
Do lipid droplets have a membrane? What are they used for?
No membrane, used for energy for lipids in steroid hormone synthesis
59
How do phospholipids form a bilayer in water?
Spontaneously, no energy required
60
What are the components of plasma membrane?
Phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins + carbs
61
What can enter plasma membrane? What cannot enter?
CAN- (CO2, O2), hydrophobic benzene, small polar water CANNOT- large polar molecule glucose, charged molecules (Cl, Na)
62
What is pinocytosis?
Small invaginations for EC fluid -> fuse w/ lysosomes to surface of skeletal muscles where they fuse with cell membrane
63
What is endocytosis?
Ligand binds to cell membrane (pits), pinch off and carry into cell , coated in CLATHRIN to fuse w/ endoscopes in cytosol, containing ATP DRIVEN PUMPS to acidify interior
64
What is phagocytosis?
Cell eating, binds to macrophage, enclosed in phagosome
65
What is exocytosis?
Membrane limited structure fuse to plasma membrane, resulting in the release of EC space -> highly negative repeal so mediated by calcium
66
What is the fuzz on cell surface?
Microvilli w/ glycocalx (sugar coat surrounding the entire cell for food)

Histology and Embryology (5 decks)

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