Cell Life & Protection Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
Carbon makes up how much of the body
A
10.7%
2
Q
Nitrogen makes up how much of the body
A
2.4%
3
Q
protein makes up what percentage of the body
A
15%
4
Q
which molecule helps with metabolism
A
water
5
Q
proteins mainly help with ___ and ___
A
tissue repair and rehabilitation
6
Q
what are the three types of proteins
A
enzymes, hormones, antibodies
7
Q
catalysts that help break down food (catabolism)
A
enzymes
8
Q
how many amino acids make up 1 protein
A
22 amino acids
9
Q
which molecule is for insulation, protection, and gives structure to our body
A
lipids
10
Q
what are lipids made up of
A
1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
11
Q
what 3 elements make up lipids and carbohydrates
A
C H O
12
Q
What is protein synthesis
A
the gathering of parts to make proteins for the repair/rehabilitation of cell structures
13
Q
Which nitrogenous bases are purines
A
Adenine and Guanine
14
Q
name the pyrimidines of the DNA nitrogenous bases
A
Cytosine and Thymine
15
Q
The nitrogenous bases of the DNA strand make up the
A
genetic code
16
Q
what are nucleotides made up of?
A
deoxyribose (sugar) and phosphate (hold nitrogenous bases)
17
Q
Name the pyridmidines of the RNA nitrogenous bases
A
Cytosine and Uracil
18
Q
Chromosomes contain
A
genes
19
Q
How many chromosomes are there in the body?
A
46
20
Q
1 chromosome = how many genes?
A
100s of genes
21
Q
1 gene = how many DNA molecules?
A
1 DNA molecule
22
Q
Only these two elements are present in the body as elements
A
Oxygen and Nitrogen
23
Q
Organic material all contains
A
carbon
24
Q
radiation effects occur at the ___ level
A
cellular
25
radiation interactions occur at the ____ level
atomic
26
what is the sequence of sublethal damage from radiation?
repairs itself and becomes normal again
27
hydrogen makes up how much of the body
60%
28
1 gy equals how many rads
100 rads
29
How many genes are contained in all 46 chromosomes?
30,000
30
What does the nucleus of the cell contain
ribonucleic acid and proteins
31
Where does protein synthesis occur in the cell?
Ribosomes
32
what are the 3 interphase phases?
G1, S, G2
33
which interphase is the most radiosensitive for the cell
G1
34
Carbohydrates also may be referred to as
Saccharides
35
Human cells contain which 4 major organic compounds?
proteins, carbs, lipids, and nucleic acids
36
What is the process of reduction cell division?
meiosis
37
which cellular organelle functions as a cellular garbage disposal
lysosomes
38
What type of membrane is the nuclear envelope that separates the nucleus from other parts of the cell?
double walled membrane
39
What are the functions of the cell membrane?
protect from the outside environment and control the passage of water
40
the primary energy source for the cell is
glucose
41
Cytosine bonds only with which nitrogenous base?
Guanine
42
22 different ____ are involved in protein synthesis
amino acids
43
what is the process of locating and identifying the genes in the human genome
mapping
44
meiosis is the process of
reduction cell division
45
what is of primary importance in maintaining adequate amounts of intracellular fluid
potassium
46
The S phase of mitosis is the
actual DNA synthesis
47
When a cell divides, the genetic-containing material contracts into tiny rod shaped bodies called
chromosomes
48
nitrogenous base pairs form the
steps of rungs of the DNA ladderlike structure
49
In a DNA macromolecule, this sequence determines the characteristics of every living thing
nitrogenous organic base
50
Radiation induced chromosome damage may be evaluated during which cellular life phase ?
metaphase
51
If exposure to ionizing radiation damages the components involved in molecular synthesis beyond repair, what will the cells do?
either function abnormally or die
52
Which blood cell produces antibodies?
lymphocytes
53
which cell component controls cell division as well as biochemical reactions occurring within the cell?
nucleus
54
Chemical secretions that are manufactured by endocrine glands?
hormones
55
somatic cells divide through the process of
mitosis
56
proteins, carbs, lipids, and nucleic acids are which type of compounds?
organic
57
what is the basic constituent of all organic matter
carbon
58
3 inorganic compounds found within the body
acids, bases, and salts,
59
How many cells make up the human body?
trillions
60
What is the motility of leukocytes
free moving cell
61
substance that carries on complex processes of metabolism, reception, and processing of food and oxygen, as well as elimination of waste
protoplasm
62
biomolecules that comprise protoplasm are formed from ___ different elements
24
63
name the 4 primary elements of the protoplasm
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
64
when biomolecules of the protoplasm are combined with phosphors and sulfur they comprise the essential major organic compounds ____
proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids
65
the most important inorganic substances in the body are
water and salts
66
the most elementary building block of the cell and constitute 15% of cell content
proteins
67
amino acids are made up of what molecules
NH2 and COOH
68
____ provide fuel for cell metabolism
carbohydrates
69
____ maintain correct portion of water in the cell
mineral salts
70
the portion outside the nucleus in which all metabolic activity occurs
cytoplasm
71
cell structure that transports food and molecules from one part of the cell to another
endoplasmic reticulum
72
cell structure that unites large carbohydrate molecules with proteins to form glycoproteins
golgi apparatus
73
cell structure that contain enzymes that produce energy for cellular activity
mitochondria
74
cell structure that breaks down unwnated large molecules, rupture of these will cause cell death
lysosomes
75
cell structure that synthesizes proteins
ribosomes
76
genetic cells divide through
meiosis
77
meiosis is similar to mitosis, except no ___ replication occurs in telophase
DNA
78
How many chromosomes make up the human body
46
79
How many base pairs are in the human body's 30,000 genes
2.9 billion
80
pea-like sacs that act as a garbage disposal of the cell
lysosomes
81
mitochondria break down carbs, fats, and proteins through the process of
oxidative metabolism
82
assembly of larger molecules into smaller ones
anabolism
83
break down of organic materials to produce energy is called
catabolism
84
potassium contributes the majority of positive ions called
cations
85
phosphorus contributes the majority of negative ions called
anions
86
movement of water across cell surfaces and membranes with high concentrations of ions
osmosis
87
these cell structures play a significant role in the formation of the mitotic spindle
centrioles
88
M phase of cellular life
mitosis phase
89
G1 phase of cellular life
pre-DNA synthesis phase
90
S phase of cellular life
Synthesis phase
91
G2 phase of cellular life
post-DNA synthesis phase
92
prophase of cellular life
nucleus swells and the DNA becomes prominent and takes structural form
93
metaphase of cellular life
chromosomes line up on the equater, are MOST visible
94
anaphase of cellular life
mitosis phase where each chromosome splits into 2 chromatids
95
telophase of cellular life
divides into 2 equal parts
96
interphase of cellular life
rest period between each of the periods of growth
97
______ say that there is a pre-stage interphase that is the stage prior to mitosis
biologists
98
3 phases of interphase according to biologists
G1 S G2
99
when 1 photon hits an Rh factor the product is
3 free radicals
100
building material of cells that regulates the process of metabolism
protoplasm
101
most sensitive radiosensitive phase according to geneticists
prophase
102
total human dose of radiation per year
5.5 mSv or 55 rem
103
percentage of radiation that comes from natural sources
55%
104
In a DNA and RNA moleculeS, Guanine is always paired with
Cytosine
105
In a DNA molecule, Adenine is always paired with
Thymine
106
In an RNA molecule, Adenine is always paired with
Uracil
107
mineral salts in inorganic compounds are made up of what 4 elements
potassium, phosphate, sodium, chloride
108
2 types of motility for the cell
passive and active
109
response to external stimuli is known as
excitability
110
transport of stimuli to signals so the cell can react is known as
conductivity
111
the ability to undergo change
contractibility
112
the smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not contain
ribosomes
113
golgi apparatus contains ___ that are used for ___
glycoproteins used for energy
114
3 types of passive transport
diffusion, osmosis, filtration
115
transport of goods from greater to lower pressure
diffusion
116
transport of goods from lower to greater pressure
osmosis
117
passive transport that is moved by pressure
filtration
118
3 base pairs is called
CODON
119
all cells except germ cells are called
somatic cells
120
what determines 1 of the 22 amino acids for protein synthesis
CODON (3 base pairs)
121
____ searches through the cytoplasm for necessary amino acids and carries them to the ribosome
tRNA
122
2 examples of things moved by active transport
Enzymes and waste removal
123
Regulates homeostasis and allows electrical transmissions to the heart
Mineral salts
124
Proteins that regulate metabolism
Hormones
125
A model of cell generation includes DNA synthesis phases. In what order do they occur?
G1, S, G2, Mitosis
126
Cystine and thymine are both
pyridimines
127
The elements combined with phosphorus and sulphur form the essential major
organic compounds
128
Which of the following provides a method to calculate the effective absorbed dose for ALL
types of ionizing radiations?
dose equivalency
129
The minimum skin to source distance allowable in fixed fluoroscopy is:
15 inches
130
The total average annual absorbed dose equivalent for U.S. inhabitants from artificial and natural sources of radiation is about
6 mSv
131
Radioactive nuclides naturally existing within the human body, contribute about percent (%) to an average adult American's yearly dose
5%
132
Natural sources of radiation include
radium in the earth
strontium- 90
celestial bodies
