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cell met 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 6 types of reactions which define metabolism?

A
  • oxidation-reduction
  • ligation requiring ATP cleavage
  • isomerisation
  • group transfer
  • hydrolytic
  • addition or removal of functional groups
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2
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytoplasm

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3
Q

Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

A

anaerobic process

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4
Q

Main concepts of glycolysis

A

i. formation of a high energy compound (stage 1: investment of ATP)
ii. splitting of a high energy compound (stage 2: collection-ATP generation)

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5
Q

What type of reaction is glycolysis step 1?

A

group transfer

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6
Q

What type of reaction is glycolysis step 2?

A

isomerisation

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7
Q

What type of reaction is glycolysis step 3?

A

group transfer

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8
Q

What type of reaction is glycolysis step 4?

A

hydrolytic

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9
Q

What type of reaction is glycolysis step 5?

A

isomerisation

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10
Q

What type of reaction is glycolysis step 6?

A

redox and group transfer

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11
Q

What type of reaction is glycolysis step 7?

A

group transfer

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12
Q

What type of reaction is glycolysis step 8?

A

isomerisation

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13
Q

What type of reaction is glycolysis step 9?

A

group removal

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14
Q

What type of reaction is glycolysis step 10?

A

group transfer

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15
Q

What is the net result of glycolysis?

A

2x ATP, 2x NADH, 2x pyruvate

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16
Q

What is an oxidation-reduction reaction?

A

electron transfer

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17
Q

What is a ligation requiring ATP cleavage reaction?

A

formation of covalent bonds (i.e., carbon-carbon bonds)

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18
Q

What is an isomerisation reaction?

A

rearrangement of atoms to form isomers

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19
Q

What is a group transfer reaction?

A

transfer of a functional group from one molecule to another

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20
Q

What is a hydrolytic reaction?

A

cleavage of bonds by the addition of water

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21
Q

What is an ‘addition or removal of functional groups’ reaction?

A

addition of functional groups to double bonds or their removal to form double bonds

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22
Q

What is step 1 of glycolysis?

A

glucose —hexokinase—> glucose-6-phosphate + H+

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23
Q

What are two description points about glycolysis step 1?

A
  • this reaction is essentially irreversible and commits the cell to the subsequent reactions
  • also traps glucose inside the cell by means of the negative charge
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24
Q

What is glycolysis step 2?

A

glucose-6-phosphate —phosphoglucose isomerase—> fructose-6-phosphate

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25
What is the logic behind glycolysis step 2?
fructose can be split into equal halves when subsequently cleaved
26
What is glycolysis step 3?
fructose-6-phosphate —phosphofructokinase—> fructose-1,6-bisohosphate
27
What is the description about glycolysis step 3?
regulation of phosphofructokinase is a key control step for the entry of sugars into the glycolysis pathway
28
What is glycolysis step 4?
fructose-1,6-bisphosphate —aldolase—> glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + dihydroxyacetone phosphate
29
What is generated through glycolysis step 4?
two high energy compounds (G3P & DHAP)
30
What is glycolysis step 5?
dihydroxyacetone phosphate —triose phosphate isomerase (TPI)—> glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
31
What is TPI deficiency?
- the only glycolytic enzymopathy that is fatal - most sufferers die within the first 6 years of their lives
32
What is glycolysis step 6?
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate —glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase—> 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
33
What is dehydrogenase?
cofactor -> redox reaction
34
What else happens in glycolysis step 6?
NADH is generated which can be later used to generate more ATP within the mitochondria in ox phos
35
What is glycolysis step 7?
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate —phosphoglycerate kinase—> 3-phosphoglycerate
36
What are kinases?
phosphorylate molecule, key control steps
37
What is glycolysis step 8?
3-phosphoglycerate —phosphoglycerate mutase—> 2-phosphoglycerate
38
What is step 8 glycolysis, effectively?
a shuffling of the phosphate group from the 3 to the 2 position via removal and addition of phosphoryl groups
39
What is glycolysis step 9?
2-phosphoglycerate —enolase—> phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O
40
What is glycolysis step 10?
phosphoenolpyruvate —pyruvate kinase—> pyruvate
41
Which glycolysis steps use ATP?
1, 3
42
Which glycolysis step produces NADH?
6
43
Which glycolysis steps produce ATP?
7, 10
44
What are the three fates of pyruvate?
- alcoholic fermentation (anaerobic) - lactate production (anaerobic) - acetyl coa production (in the mitochondria)
45
What is the first reaction in alcoholic fermentation (fates of pyruvate)?
pyruvate —pyruvate decarboxylase—> acetaldehyde + CO2
46
What is the second reaction in alcoholic fermentation (fates of pyruvate)?
acetaldehyde —alcohol dehydrogenase—> ethanol + NAD+
47
What is alcoholic fermentation characteristic of?
yeasts can occur under anaerobic conditions
48
What is the (reversible) reaction in generation of lactate (fates of pyruvate)?
pyruvate —lactate dehydrogenase—> lactate + NAD+
49
What is generation of lactate characteristic of?
mammalian muscle during intense activity when oxygen is a limiting factor also anaerobic
50
Why is regeneration of NAD+ in alcoholic fermentation & generation of lactate essential?
required for glycolysis to continue, in conditions of oxygen deprivation
51
What does it mean for glycolysis to continue in conditions of oxygen deprivation?
i.e. conditions in which the rate of NADH formation by glycolysis is greater than its rate of NADH oxidation by the respiratory chain
52
Which step of glycolysis is NAD+ needed for?
dehydrogenation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, which is the first step in generating ATP for the body (step 6)
53
Creatine phosphate reaction
creatine phosphate —creatine kinase—> creatine + ATP
54
What do creatine phosphate & creatine kinase act as?
- creatine phosphate as a buffer for ATP - creatine kinase as a diagnostic marker for various diseases
55
What is deltaG for the hydrolysis of ATP?
-31 kJ/mole
56
What is deltaG for the hydrolysis of creatine phosphate?
-43.1 kJ/mole
57
How long can ATP sustain a contraction for in muscle?
the amount of ATP needed during exercise is only enough to sustain contraction for around one second
58
Make Q: a large reservoir of creatine phosphate is on hand to buffer demands for phosphate (???) (25mM creatine phosphate c.f. 4mM ATP in resting muscle)
59
What is the (simplified) reaction for acetyl CoA generation (fates of pyruvate)?
pyruvate + HS-CoA —pyruvate dehydrogenase complex—> acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH
60
What is pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?
a complex of enzymes, complex series of reactions take place
61
Where does the series of reactions for acetyl CoA generation take place?
mitochondria
62
What is the acetyl CoA formed in fates of pyruvate committed to and why?
as it is produced in the mitochondria, it is committed to entry into the TCA cycle
63
What is the name of the high-energy bond in acetyl CoA?
thioester bond - high-energy linkage -> readily hydrolysed -> enables acetyl CoA to donate the acetate (2C) to other molecules
64
How many carbon atoms does acetyl CoA contain?
14
65
What does the high-energy bond in acetyl CoA enable and how?
- thioester bond is a high-energy linkage - so, readily hydrolysed - which enables acetyl CoA to donate the acetate (2C) to other molecules
66
What does RNA ancestry suggest about the origin of acetyl CoA?
that it is of primeval origin
67
What is Beri-Beri caused by?
deficiency of thiamine
68
What does Beri-Beri result from?
poor PDH function
69
What are three symptoms of Beri-Beri?
- damage to peripheral nervous system - weakness of musculature - decreased cardiac output
70
Why is the brain particularly vulnerable to Beri-Beri?
as it relies heavily on glucose metabolism
71
What is thiamine pyrophosphate?
cofactor of the PDH complex it readily loses a proton and resulting carbanion attacks pyruvate (Beri-Beri)

POM (5 decks)

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