Cell Metabolism Flashcards
(36 cards)
Mitochondria
The bacterial orgin
Site of cellular respiration
Has its own DNA
The inner and outer membranes separate reactions.
Glycolysis
It takes place in the cytoplasm
10 step metabolic pathway
End results are 2 (3 carbon molecules called privates
Net 2 ATP produced by substrate level phospherlytion
2 NAD+ reduced to NADH.
Pyruvate oxidation
Takes place in mitochondria matrix
Pyruvate is decarboxhlated and oxidized of ACetylCoA a 2 carbon molecule that enters the kerb cycle.
2NAD+ reduced to 2NADH
Kerb cycle
Complex cycle that produces 2 ATP through substrate level phosphyrlation
Electrons are passed to NAD+ and FAD that will take them to the electron transport chain
Glycolysis
2 ATP IN
4ATP OUT 2NADH
2 ATP total
Pyruvate oxidation
2NADH OUT Left with 2FADH2
Kerb cycle
6NADH out
2 FADH2 out
2 ATP OUT
Electron transport chain
Consists of 4 respiratory complexes
2 electron carriers, coenzyme Q and cytochrome C
NADH and FADH2, transfers electrons to the complexes
Oxygen in the final electron acceptor and is reduced to water
Respiratory complexes (ETR)
Large molecular structures composed of numerous proteins, coenzymes and cytochromes that are embedded in the membrane
Complexes I, III, IV
Accept electrons through REDOX reaction
Energy is used to pump H+ across the membrane(chemiosmosis)
Electrons transported from complex I To complex III by coenzyme Q
Electrons transported from complex III to Complex IV by cytochrome C , o2 is reduced by h2o.
NADH role in ETC
To transport electrons to complex I then from there they move to complex III and IV
NADH from Glycolysis
Molecule is too large to cross mitochondrial membrane so glycolysis is required.
Only electrons are transported across through 2 main methods that involve membrane transportation proteins
FADH2 role in ETC
FADH 2 transfers electrons to complex II
Electrons follow path II to III to IV
Oxidative Phosphorlystion
The electrochemical gradient store free energy
The H+ moved by facilitated diffusion across the membrane they provide energy to power ATP synthase
ATP synthase result in the production of ATP
Uncoupling the ECT
Energy released during the ETC is not converted to ATP
uncoupling proteins provide H+ ions an alternate path across inner membrane
Free energy is now used to produce heat which is useful in thermoregulation
Overview of photosynthesis
Plants convert energy from sunlight bin to the energy of chemical bonds of carbohydrates.
Photosynthesis provides energy for animals plants and fungi
Photosynthesis consume carbon dioxide and produces oxygen
History of photosynthesis
Jan Ben helman Found the mass of the pot of soil and a seeding, he watered the seeding for five years and concluded that the increase of the mass came from the water.
Joseph’s priestly found that the chandler goes out when placed in the jar, however when the candle is placed in the jar with spring mint it does not go out and he concluded that the plant produced oxygen.
Leaf structure
The cuticle is a waxy , water resistant layer on the surface of the leaf.
The epidermis is the transparent, colourless cell layer bellow the cuticle
The pale side mesophyll cell are located just below the epidermal tissue
The spongy mesophyll consists of loosely packed cells where gas exchange takes place
Xylem cell conduct water and minerals from roots to leaves
Phlegm cells conduct food from leaves to the rest of the plant
Together the xylem and phlegm make up the vascular bundles
Vascular bundles are a system of tunes and cells that transport water and mini raps from the roots to the leaves and carry carbohydrates from the leaves to the rest of the plant.
Overview of light dependent reactions
The light dependent reactions use light energy to make two molecules needed for the next stage of photosynthesis: D energy storage molecules ATP and the reduced electron carrier NADH.
In plants the light reactions take place in the thylakoid membrane organelles called chloroplast
Photosystems
They have large complexes of protein and pigments(light absorbing molecules) that are optimized to harvest light, play a key role in the light reactions there are two types of photo systems: photosystem I and photosystem II
Photosystems continued
Both Photosystems contain many pigment that help collect light energy as well as special pair of chlorophyll molecules found at the core of the photosystems. The special pair of photosystem I is called p700 and the special a pair of photosystem II is called p680
Non cyclic photophosphrlytion
When light is absorbed by one of the pigment in photosystem II, energy is Passed from pigment to pigment until it reaches the reaction centre. There energy is transferred to p680, boosting an electron to high energy level.
The high energy level electron is passed to an acceptor molecule and replaced with electron from water
Cellular respiration
C6H12 O6. + 6o2 —> 6co2 +. 6H2o + energy
Photosynthesis
6C2O + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2
