Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CHAPTER3&4 CELL STRUCTURE > Cell Metabolism Chp 4 > Flashcards

Cell Metabolism Chp 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism can be divided into two parts:

A

Anabolism & catabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Anabolism

A

Includes reactions that build larger,more complex substances from simpler substances, such as the building of a large protein from individual amino acids.
-Ex- Building of brick wall by single brick by brick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Catabolism

A

Includes reactions that break down larger, more complex substances into simpler substances,such as the breakdown of a large protein into individual amino acids.
Ex- knocking down of a brick wall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Catabolism releases energy that is converted into ___ & used to “run” the body.

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Organic compounds composed of carbon(C), hydrogen(H), & Oxygen (O)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Carbohydrates are classified according to

A

Size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Are single sugar compounds.

  • contains 3 to 6 carbons
  • the 6 carbon simple sugars include glucose,fructose, & galactose.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Disaccharides

A
  • Are double sugars & made when two monosaccharides are linked together
  • include sucrose (table sugar),maltose ,& lactose
  • present in the food we eat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Polysaccharides

A
  • made of many glucose molecules linked together
  • Starches
  • some are linked together in straight chains, & others in branded chains
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Glucose

A
  • most important

- used by cells as an immediate source of energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Five-carbon monosaccharides

A
  • include ribose & deoxyribose.

- these sugars are used in RNA & DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The three polysaccharides of interest to us are

A

Starch,animal starch(glycogen),& cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Glycogen

A

Animal starch

  • is a highly branched polysaccharide.
  • is the form in which humans store glucose.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where is the glycogen primarily stored

A

The liver & skeletal muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

1st important role of glycogen

A

Glycogen stores help regulate blood sugar.
-when blood sugar levels become low, the glycogen in the liver is converted to glucose and released into the blood,where it restores normal blood sugar levels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

2nd important role of glycogen

A

Acts as a storage energy in skeletal muscle

-when muscle contractile activity increases, as in running, glycogen is converted to glucose & burned as fuel.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cellulose

A

Is a straight polysaccharide found in plants

-plays important role in our digestive process, by providing fiber which improves digestive function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

3 ways glucose can be used

A
  1. )it can be burned immediately as fuel for energy
  2. )stored as glycogen
  3. )be stored as fat & used at a later time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Glucose is broken down by

A
  1. )Anaerobic catabolism-in the absence of oxygen.

2. )Aerobic catabolism- in the presence of oxygen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Glycolysis

A

Anaerobic catabolism of glucose into lactic acid

-produces small amount of ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

If oxygen is available,glucose is completely broken down to form

A

Carbon dioxide, water & ATP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Two sets of enzymes exist in the mitochondria:

A

The enzymes of the Krebs cycle
The enzymes of the electron transport chain
-both sets of enzymes work together to produce ATP aerobically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

3 important points about aerobic catabolism

A
  1. )the chemical reactions occurring in the mitochondria require oxygen.
  2. ) when glucose is broken down completely to carbon dioxide and water, all the stored energy is released.
  3. )if oxygen is not available to the cell, the pyruvic acid cannot enter the mitochondria
24
Q

Pyruvic acid

A

a yellowish organic acid which occurs as an intermediate in many metabolic processes, especially glycolysis

25
Q

Gluconeogenisis

A

Is an important mechanism in the regulation of blood sugar.

26
Q

Many hormones secreted by endocrine glands stimulate gluconeogenesis

A

Fact

27
Q

Lipids

A

Organic compounds called fats & oils.

28
Q

Fats are _____ at room temp

Oils are ______ at room temp

A
  1. )Solid

2. )liquid

29
Q

Building blocks of lipids are

A

Fatty acids & glycerol

30
Q

______ is a third type of lipid

A

Steroid

31
Q

The body can also synthesize __________ in the liver

A

Cholesterol

32
Q

Most of our cholesterol is made by the liver from saturated fat.

A

Fact

33
Q

Focus of dietary control of blood cholesterol is

A

Restriction of saturated fats.

34
Q

Use of lipids

A
  1. ) as a source of energy
  2. )as a component of cell membranes and myelin sheath
  3. )in the synthesis of steroids
35
Q

Protein

A

Is them most abundant organic matter in the body

-participate in every body function

36
Q

Amino acids

A

Building blocks of proteins.

37
Q

About __ are used to build body protein.

A

20

38
Q

Most amino acids come from

A

Protein foods

39
Q

Some amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body & must be obtained from dietary sources
-essential amino acids

A

Fact

40
Q

The amino acids that can by synthesized by the liver is called

A

Nonessential amino acids

-not essential in diet

41
Q

What does amino acid have that carbohydrates & lips don’t ?

A

Nitrogen (NHtwo)

42
Q

Peptide bond

A

Formed when the amine group (NHtwo) of one amino acid joins with the acid group of a second amino acid.

43
Q

A peptide is formed when several amino acids are joined together by

A

Peptide bonds

44
Q

Polypeptide is formed when many amino acids are joined together

A

Fact

45
Q

Proteins are very large polypeptides

A

Fact

46
Q

Polypeptides chains are

A

Curly & coil around each other

47
Q

The amino acid sequence and the size and shape of the protein are important to its function

A

Fact

48
Q

Proteins can bind with other organic compounds

A

Fact

49
Q

3 ways proteins are used

A
  1. )synthesis of hormones(Most Important)
  2. )enzymes
  3. )antibodies
  4. )plasma
  5. )muscle proteins
  6. )hemoglobin
  7. ) most cell membranes
50
Q

Proteins have two less common uses

A
  1. ) protein can be broken down & used as fuel,as a source of energy for ATP production.
  2. )protein can be broken down & converted to glucose
51
Q

Urea

A

Nitrogenous waste product formed by the liver & excreted by the kidneys

52
Q

blood urea nitrogen

A

Diagnostic test that measures amount of urea in the blood.

53
Q

A change in BUN can be caused by either

A

Poor liver function (cannot make urea)

Poor kidney function (cannot excrete it)

54
Q

Ammonia

A

A nitrogenous compound; blood ammonia is converted to urea for excretion by the kidneys.

55
Q

The lists of based in triplicate is called

A

Base sequencing

CHAPTER3&4 CELL STRUCTURE (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions