Cell Metabolism Chp 4

Question 1

Metabolism can be divided into two parts:

Answer 1

Anabolism & catabolism

Question 2

Anabolism

Answer 2

Includes reactions that build larger,more complex substances from simpler substances, such as the building of a large protein from individual amino acids.
-Ex- Building of brick wall by single brick by brick

Question 3

Catabolism

Answer 3

Includes reactions that break down larger, more complex substances into simpler substances,such as the breakdown of a large protein into individual amino acids.
Ex- knocking down of a brick wall.

Question 4

Catabolism releases energy that is converted into ___ & used to “run” the body.

Answer 4

ATP

Question 5

Carbohydrates

Answer 5

Organic compounds composed of carbon(C), hydrogen(H), & Oxygen (O)

Question 6

Carbohydrates are classified according to

Answer 6

Size

Question 7

Monosaccharides

Answer 7

Are single sugar compounds.

• contains 3 to 6 carbons
• the 6 carbon simple sugars include glucose,fructose, & galactose.

Question 8

Disaccharides

Answer 8

• Are double sugars & made when two monosaccharides are linked together
• include sucrose (table sugar),maltose ,& lactose
• present in the food we eat

Question 9

Polysaccharides

Answer 9

• made of many glucose molecules linked together
• Starches
• some are linked together in straight chains, & others in branded chains

Question 10

Glucose

Answer 10

• most important

- used by cells as an immediate source of energy.

Question 11

Five-carbon monosaccharides

Answer 11

• include ribose & deoxyribose.

- these sugars are used in RNA & DNA

Question 12

The three polysaccharides of interest to us are

Answer 12

Starch,animal starch(glycogen),& cellulose

Question 13

Glycogen

Answer 13

Animal starch

• is a highly branched polysaccharide.
• is the form in which humans store glucose.

Question 14

Where is the glycogen primarily stored

Answer 14

The liver & skeletal muscle.

Question 15

1st important role of glycogen

Answer 15

Glycogen stores help regulate blood sugar.
-when blood sugar levels become low, the glycogen in the liver is converted to glucose and released into the blood,where it restores normal blood sugar levels.

Question 16

2nd important role of glycogen

Answer 16

Acts as a storage energy in skeletal muscle

-when muscle contractile activity increases, as in running, glycogen is converted to glucose & burned as fuel.

Question 17

Cellulose

Answer 17

Is a straight polysaccharide found in plants

-plays important role in our digestive process, by providing fiber which improves digestive function.

Question 18

3 ways glucose can be used

Answer 18

1. )it can be burned immediately as fuel for energy
2. )stored as glycogen
3. )be stored as fat & used at a later time

Question 19

Glucose is broken down by

Answer 19

1. )Anaerobic catabolism-in the absence of oxygen.

2. )Aerobic catabolism- in the presence of oxygen.

Question 20

Glycolysis

Answer 20

Anaerobic catabolism of glucose into lactic acid

-produces small amount of ATP

Question 21

If oxygen is available,glucose is completely broken down to form

Answer 21

Carbon dioxide, water & ATP.

Question 22

Two sets of enzymes exist in the mitochondria:

Answer 22

The enzymes of the Krebs cycle
The enzymes of the electron transport chain
-both sets of enzymes work together to produce ATP aerobically

Question 23

3 important points about aerobic catabolism

Answer 23

1. )the chemical reactions occurring in the mitochondria require oxygen.
2. ) when glucose is broken down completely to carbon dioxide and water, all the stored energy is released.
3. )if oxygen is not available to the cell, the pyruvic acid cannot enter the mitochondria

Question 24

Pyruvic acid

Answer 24

a yellowish organic acid which occurs as an intermediate in many metabolic processes, especially glycolysis

Question 25

Gluconeogenisis

Answer 25

Is an important mechanism in the regulation of blood sugar.

Question 26

Many hormones secreted by endocrine glands stimulate gluconeogenesis

Answer 26

Fact

Question 27

Lipids

Answer 27

Organic compounds called fats & oils.

Question 28

Fats are _____ at room temp | Oils are ______ at room temp

Answer 28

1. )Solid | 2. )liquid

Question 29

Building blocks of lipids are

Answer 29

Fatty acids & glycerol

Question 30

______ is a third type of lipid

Answer 30

Steroid

Question 31

The body can also synthesize __________ in the liver

Answer 31

Cholesterol

Question 32

Most of our cholesterol is made by the liver from saturated fat.

Answer 32

Fact

Question 33

Focus of dietary control of blood cholesterol is

Answer 33

Restriction of saturated fats.

Question 34

Use of lipids

Answer 34

1. ) as a source of energy 2. )as a component of cell membranes and myelin sheath 3. )in the synthesis of steroids

Question 35

Protein

Answer 35

Is them most abundant organic matter in the body | -participate in every body function

Question 36

Amino acids

Answer 36

Building blocks of proteins.

Question 37

About __ are used to build body protein.

Answer 37

20

Question 38

Most amino acids come from

Answer 38

Protein foods

Question 39

Some amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body & must be obtained from dietary sources -essential amino acids

Answer 39

Fact

Question 40

The amino acids that can by synthesized by the liver is called

Answer 40

Nonessential amino acids | -not essential in diet

Question 41

What does amino acid have that carbohydrates & lips don’t ?

Answer 41

Nitrogen (NHtwo)

Question 42

Peptide bond

Answer 42

Formed when the amine group (NHtwo) of one amino acid joins with the acid group of a second amino acid.

Question 43

A peptide is formed when several amino acids are joined together by

Answer 43

Peptide bonds

Question 44

Polypeptide is formed when many amino acids are joined together

Answer 44

Fact

Question 45

Proteins are very large polypeptides

Answer 45

Fact

Question 46

Polypeptides chains are

Answer 46

Curly & coil around each other

Question 47

The amino acid sequence and the size and shape of the protein are important to its function

Answer 47

Fact

Question 48

Proteins can bind with other organic compounds

Answer 48

Fact

Question 49

3 ways proteins are used

Answer 49

1. )synthesis of hormones(Most Important) 2. )enzymes 3. )antibodies 4. )plasma 5. )muscle proteins 6. )hemoglobin 7. ) most cell membranes

Question 50

Proteins have two less common uses

Answer 50

1. ) protein can be broken down & used as fuel,as a source of energy for ATP production. 2. )protein can be broken down & converted to glucose

Question 51

Urea

Answer 51

Nitrogenous waste product formed by the liver & excreted by the kidneys

Question 52

blood urea nitrogen

Answer 52

Diagnostic test that measures amount of urea in the blood.

Question 53

A change in BUN can be caused by either

Answer 53

Poor liver function (cannot make urea) | Poor kidney function (cannot excrete it)

Question 54

Ammonia

Answer 54

A nitrogenous compound; blood ammonia is converted to urea for excretion by the kidneys.

Question 55

The lists of based in triplicate is called

Answer 55

Base sequencing