Cell modification

Question 1

• epidermal extension
• cell extensions used for movement and feeding
• injection
• sensing/detection of changes in environment
• commonly present in amoeba
• They also help in sensing targets which can then be
  engulfed made up of actin filaments, microtubules and
  intermediate filaments

Answer 1

Pseudopods

Question 2

• hair like structures on the surface of epithelial
• present in the fallopian tube, protozoa, respiratory tract
• rapid back and forth movement
• made up of microtubules (central core = axoneme)

Answer 2

Cilia

Question 3

• maintain the physical association between cells
• Preserve tissue integrity by linking cells and connecting to
  actin filaments

Answer 3

Adherens junction

Question 4

Basal modification cell that is present in skin epidermis lymphatic endothelial cells

Answer 4

Desmosomes

Question 5

• sa small intestine
• increase the absorptive capacity for nutrients
• has lacteal (tiny lymphatic vessels that absorb fatty acids and glycerol

Answer 5

Villi

Question 6

intercellular adhesion complexes (predominantly two
proteins called claudins and occludins) in epithelia and
endothelia

Answer 6

Tight junction

Question 7

composed of two connexons, also known as hemichannels
that line up across the intercellular space.

Answer 7

Gap junction

Question 8

A type of cell modification that is found on the apical surface of the cell. Functions may include secretion, absorption,
movement of luminal contents, locomotion, sensing, and in some organisms, ingestion

Answer 8

Apical Modification

Question 9

• anchoring sites for ropelike intermediate filaments, which
  form a structural framework of great tensile strength
• act like spot welds between adjacent epithelial cells,
  connecting them
• maintain the cells in a sheet-like formation in organs and
  tissues that stretch, such as the skin, heart, and muscles.
• Offer a little bit of space for stress release.

Answer 9

Desmosomes

Question 10

Lateral Modification that is present in:
- epithelia, nerves, cardiac (heart) muscle, and smooth
muscle (such as that of the intestines).

Answer 10

Gap junction

Question 11

Lateral modification cell that are present in:
- organs (such as skin), blood vessels, and cavities.
- Bladder and intestine

Answer 11

Tight junction

Question 12

Function : Mainly Locomotion

Answer 12

Flagella

Question 14

cellular respiration - CO2 - water and CO2 - carbonic acid - release ions in matrix - easy absorption of roots

Answer 14

Root hair

Question 15

• Establish cellular stability, anchorage of cell in basement membrane
• Functions similarly to desmosomes but it specifically
  attaches the cell to the basement membrane
• Consists of integrin

Answer 15

Hemidesmosomes

Question 16

• Physical linkage like adherens junction, but much more stable
• provide mechanical strength to mechanically stressed tissues like skin and heart muscle
• cell to another cell anchorage

Answer 16

Desmosomes

Question 17

cadherins in the plasma membrane connect to
intermediate filaments

Answer 17

Desmosomes

Question 18

Present in ciliates like Paramecium and Balantidium, mammalian
oviduct (respiratory tract: lungs, trachea, paranasal sinus
mucosa, primary bronchus)

Answer 18

Cilia

Question 19

Basal Modifications types

Answer 19

Desmosomes
Hemidesmosomes
Basal Infoldings

Question 20

• present in mitochondria
• increase surface area for ion transport
• support the epithelium and also functions as a passive molecular sieve or ultrafilter

Answer 20

Basal infoldings

Question 21

Present in:
- Sperm cell (spermatozoa- only flagellated cell in human
body)
- Mastigophora: Trypanosoma, Trichomonas, Giardia
leishmania
- also occur on the g
ametes of algae, fungi, mosses and
slime molds

Answer 21

Flagella

Question 22

• Just below tight junctions; epithelial tissues

Answer 22

Adherens junction

Question 23

Apical Modification types

Answer 23

Villi
Cilia
Flagella
Root Hair
Pseudopods

Question 24

• Form the border between the apical and basolateral cell
  surface domains
• establish a barrier that prevents extracellular fluid across a
  layer of epithelial cells.
• Prevents leakage of the contents
• important in bladder and intestine

Answer 24

Tight junction

Question 25

- move mammalian ova through oviducts - clean debris from the respiratory systems of mammals - locomotion (for protozoa)

Answer 25

Cilia

Question 26

- One-cell thick to increase the diffusion rate - Has blood capillary that absorbs glucose and amino acids

Answer 26

Villi

Question 27

- Has cadherin receptors that bridge the neighboring plasma membranes

Answer 27

Adherens junction

Question 28

Lateral Modifications (intercellular connections) types

Answer 28

Tight junction Adherens junction Gap junction

Question 29

- same composition with cilia, but longer - Tail-like projections that protrude from the cell body - Bundle of nine pairs of microtubules surrounding two central microtubules

Answer 29

Flagella

Question 30

life span of root hair

Answer 30

several days/weeks

Question 31

Provides a short distance for the diffusion of food molecules in the blood

Answer 31

Villi

Question 32

- same with villi/microvilli (increase area for absorption - aid in plant acquisition, anchorage, and microbe interactions (micro interactions)

Answer 32

Root hair

Question 33

prevent urine from going out sa bladder

Answer 33

Sphincters

Question 34

- allows intercellular components to pass through between cells - allow for electrical communication between cells, and also allow the passage of small second messengers. - when heart cells need to beat in unison, it allows for the transmission of electrical signals between the cells.

Answer 34

Gap junction