Cell organelles I and II

Question 1

polaritiy of the cells refers to to ___ of a cell

Answer 1

sideness of a cell
most cells are polarized meaning they have two sides an apical side or basolateral side

Question 2

apical surface

Answer 2

faces the lumen (any opening like an intesitianal lume)

Question 3

basolateral surface

Answer 3

important for cell adhesion and communication

Question 4

types of polarized cells

Answer 4

epithelium neurons

Question 5

types of non polarized cells

Answer 5

still undergoing development

Question 6

plasma membrane has ____ long chain fatty acids and _____ glycerol backbone

Answer 6

hydrophobic
hydrophilic

Question 7

how do cells communicatie and adhere to each other

Answer 7

intrecellular junctions

Question 8

location of tight junctions

Answer 8

apical luminal surfaces

Question 9

function of tight junctions

Answer 9

permeability (blood brain barrier)

Question 10

structure of tight junction

Answer 10

PMs of neighboring cells appear pinched together at certain parts

Question 11

location of anchoring junctions

Answer 11

basolateral borders

Question 12

function of anchoring junctions

Answer 12

protects against mechanical stress, stretching , pulling

Question 13

zonua adherens

Answer 13

actin

Question 14

desomosomes aka macula adherens and their structure

Answer 14

intermediate filaments
thick structured. junctions spanning PMs of adjacent cells

Question 15

birthplace of ribosomes

Answer 15

nucleolus

Question 16

ribsosomes are transcribed and assemnled in the nucleolus but fully mature where

Answer 16

cytoplasm

Question 17

nuclear envelope

Answer 17

double membrane strcuture formed by ER

Question 18

inner nuclear membrane

Answer 18

contains proteins that can play well with the delicate internal nuclear environments containing chromatin and nuclear lamina

Question 19

what is sometimes studded with ribosomes

Answer 19

outer nuclear membrane

Question 20

T or F
ribosomes are very basophilic

Answer 20

T

Question 21

which dye is often used to stain basophiliic organelles

Answer 21

hematoxylin

Question 22

nissl bodies

Answer 22

a structure found in the cytoplasm of nerve cells that exhibit high metabolic activity and can be easily visualized due to hematoylin

Question 23

ribosomes are great for TEM because they are

Answer 23

electron dense

Question 24

inactive ribosome is not presently involved in _____

Answer 24

protein syntheiss , prefers to be alone in the cytoplasm

Question 25

active ribosomes will arrange themselves into a circle or

Answer 25

polyribosomes around a thread of mRNA

Question 26

ribosomes can be found near _____

Answer 26

Rough endoplasmic reticulum , (riobsomes make ER rough) or the nuclear membrane

Question 27

mostly involved w proteins and carbs

Answer 27

rough er

Question 28

granular outermembrane of nuclear envelope protein translocation folding

Answer 28

rough er

Question 29

arganular

Answer 29

smooth ER

Question 30

location of smooth ER

Answer 30

hepatocytes steroid secreting cells muscle cells - the uptake and storage of Ca is essential for muscle contractions

Question 31

protein modifications/ transport

Answer 31

r ER

Question 32

higher order functions that has less to do with proteins

Answer 32

s ER

Question 33

know how to recognize which is smooth vs rough on histological images

Answer 33

look at pics

Question 34

UPR

Answer 34

unfolded protein response

Question 35

cystic fibrosis and the ER clinical correlation

Answer 35

both ions and water stay within the cell which leads to thickened mucus on the epithelial lining surface

Question 36

what are the three fates from the ER and golgi complex

Answer 36

bulk flow - lots. of stuff leaves in trasnsport vesciles which bud off the ER and makes it way to the Golgi partitionning within the lipid bilayer- materials stay within the ER and are absorbed into its own lipid bilayer signal mediated sorting - vesciles from the ER are coated by COPII proteins these vesciles are ferried to the cis side of the gogli complex

Question 37

2 other coat proteins that are not from ER

Answer 37

COPI from golgi apparatus cis and intermediate sides vesciles are coated in copi proteins clathrin proteins that coat vesciles exportes from the trans golgi endosome and plasma membrane

Question 38

golgi recieves and transports packages (vesicles) what stabilizies golgi

Answer 38

mictrotublues stabilizing structures made by centrosomes its why youll often find golgi near the nucleaus and centrosomes.

Question 39

golgi sidenesness

Answer 39

materials are exported from the cis to trans golgi

Question 40

what type of proteins coat vesicles coming from trans side

Answer 40

clathrin

Question 41

functions of golgi

Answer 41

sort and prepare proteins recieved from rER (cis to trans side) post translation modifications produces lipids (in the ER too) and lysomes assembly of polysaccharides

Question 42

what are lysosomes

Answer 42

single layer membrane bound vesciles filled with hydrolytic enzymes

Question 43

origin of lysosomes

Answer 43

golgi complex

Question 44

function of lysosomes

Answer 44

consumes viruses bacteria pathogens role in cell turnover autolysis

Question 45

life stages of lysosomes

Answer 45

primary - homogenous electron dense secondary - larger, more heterogenous than primary lysosomes has consumed some cell material. tertiary aka residual bodies - "trash chute" stage of our lysosomes non uniform appearance and filled with stuff its consumed throughout its lifetime aka nerve or cardiac cells that dont turnover often

Question 46

one of many lysosomal storage diseases

Answer 46

Tay sach's

Question 47

summarize tay sachs

Answer 47

wildtype lysosomes have an enzyme called hex A which specifically breaks down GM2 a ganglioside often found in nerve cells - deficients amounts of Hex A leads to a build up of GM2 causing an abnormal increase in the SIZE of residual bodies

Question 48

T or F tay sachs causes brain damage blindness deafness

Answer 48

T

Question 49

are residual bodies abundant in nerve cells

Answer 49

yes

Question 50

hollow unbranched no membrane cylindrical polarity + and - end variable dynamic length

Answer 50

microtubules

Question 51

functions of microtubules

Answer 51

movement of flagella and cilia constantly shortening and elongating cytokinesis (splitting of two daughter cells ) intracellular transport of organelles/vesicles via motor proteins kinesin toward + end, dynein toward - end

Question 52

do micrtotubules have a important relationship with golgi apparatus

Answer 52

yes

Question 53

location of microtubules

Answer 53

neurons platelets leukocytes and any dividing cell

Question 54

whats the relationship between golgi apparatus and microtubules

Answer 54

microtubules hold the golgi apparatus in place

Question 55

post office of cell

Answer 55

golgi apparatus

Question 56

which direction are proteins typically sent through the golgi apparatus

Answer 56

cis to trans

Question 57

actin filaments structure

Answer 57

flexible and thin rods that have no membrane smallest of the cytoskelteal structures know actin as a long chain structure

Question 58

function of actin filaments

Answer 58

resist cell shape change transmit forces between cells participate in muscle cell contraction recall tje muscle cell sarcomere cell locomotion cytokinesis phagocytosis

Question 59

thin filament = thick filament =

Answer 59

actin,myosin

Question 60

location of actin filaments

Answer 60

protrude in the center of microvilli ie the intestinal cells facing the lumen located throughout the cytoplasm of non muscle cells

Question 61

intermediate filaments

Question 62

resolving power of 0.2 um staining aids in light absorption in cells hemotoxylin and eosin is a common stain

Answer 62

light microscope

Question 63

resolving power 0.2-0.5 nm illumination source is a beam of electrons stained with heavy metals

Answer 63

transmission electron microscope