cell organelles peq

Question 1

describe how DNA is organised in a bacterial cell

Answer 1

large circular dna
not associated with histone proteins
small/ several plasmids
located inside the cytoplasm- not in nucleus

Question 2

describe the roles of vesicles and golgi in formation and transport of extracellular enzymes

Answer 2

vesicles fuse with golgi apparatus
protein enters golgi
protein modified inside golgi
protein/ enzymes packaged into secretory vesicles
vesicles fuse with cell surface membrane.

Question 3

describe what happens to lysosomes once their contents have been digested

Answer 3

lysosome fuses with cell surface membrane
contents of lysosome released from the cell via exocytosis

Question 4

similarity + difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell

Answer 4

both have ribosomes
prokaryotic cells do not have endoplasmic reticulum

Question 5

describe features that could be used to describe prokaryotic cell under electron microscope

Answer 5

presence of cell wall
circular dna/ plasmids
small/ 70s ribosomes
pili/ flagellum
capsule/ mesosome

Question 6

explain why nucleus cannot be observed at end of prophase in eukaryotic cell

Answer 6

because nuclear membrane is broken down
dna is coiled/ condensed into individual chromosomes

Question 7

functions of golgi

Answer 7

modifies proteins
forms vesicles
removes some water from the protein/ concentrates the protein

Question 8

explain purpose of 3 phase protocol for drug development

Answer 8

phase 1- make sure the drug is not harmful/ side effects
phase 2- efficacy for treating condition/ desired use/ side effects
phase 3- to gather more data: for statistical tests/ look for rare sie effects

Question 9

describe what happens to proteins [that become extracellular enzymes] following the process of translation until they are released from the cell

Answer 9

proteins folded in RER
proteins packaged into vesicles
protein is modified in golgi
exocytosis

Question 10

explain why enzymes that are incorrectly folded cannot carry out their function

Answer 10

if the protein is not folded correctly, the tertiary structure/ 3D shape will be different
therefore the active site of the enzyme will not fit/ bind with the substrate
no enzyme- substrate complex could be formed
therefore it would not be able to catalyse reactions