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Biology > Cell Organisation > Flashcards

Cell Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

What are cells?

A

The basic building blocks that make up all organisms.

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2
Q

What do cells form?

A

Cells form tissues, which forms organs, which forms organ systems.

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3
Q

What are tissues?

A

A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function.

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5
Q

What’s an organ?

A

A group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function.

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6
Q

What are enzymes and what do they do?

A

Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts and they speed up reactions.

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7
Q

What does the muscular, glandular and epithelial tissue do?

A

Muscular: contracts to move whatever is attached to
Glandular: makes and secretes chemicals e.g enzymes
Epithelial: covers parts of the body e.g the inside of the gut

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8
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

The substrate must fit into the enzyme’s active site.

Enzymes can only catalyse one specific reaction.

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9
Q

What’s the induced fit model of enzyme action?

A

The active site changing shape a bit to bind it and the substrate tighter.

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10
Q

What factors affect enzymes?

A

Temperature and pH

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11
Q

How do you investigate the effect of pH on enzyme activity?

A
  • Put a drop of iodine solution into wells of a spotting tile.
  • Set up the bunsen burner, heatproof mat, tripod and gauze.
  • Place a beaker with water on the tripod and heat it till 35 degrees.
  • Add each 1cm3 of amylase solution and a buffer solution of pH 5 to a boiling tube and then put the boiling tube into the beaker for 5 minutes.
  • Add 5cm3 of a starch solution to the boiling tube and mix everything in the boiling tube and start a stopwatch.
  • Take a sample from the boiling tube every 30 seconds and put it into a well of the spotting tile. If the iodine solution is brown/orange, starch isn’t present; if the iodine solution is blue/black, starch is present.
  • Repeat the experiment with buffer solutions with different pH values.
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12
Q

What the equation for rate of reaction?

A

amount of product or reactant / time

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13
Q

What’s amylase and where’s it found?

A

It’s an carbohydrase that breaks down starch (carbohydrates) into simple sugars.
It’s found in the salivary glands, the pancreas and the small intestine.

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14
Q

What does protease do and where’s it found?

A

It breaks down proteins into amino acids and it’s found in the stomach, the pancreas and the small intestine.

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15
Q

What do lipase do and where’s it found?

A

It converts lipids into glycerol and fatty acids and it’s found in the pancreas and the small intestine.

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16
Q

What does bile do and where is it produced and stored?

A

Bile neutralises hydrochloric acid in the small intestine, makes conditions alkaline and breaks fats down into droplets.
Produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder

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17
Q

Where are enzymes produced in the digestive system?

A

Glands and the gut lining

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18
Q

What does hydrochloric acid do?

A

Kill bacteria

Give the right pH for the protease enzyme to work

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19
Q

How do you use the Benedict’s test for sugars?

A
  • Put 5cm3 of the food sample on a test tube
  • Add a few drops of Benedict’s solution to the test tube.
  • Put the test tube in an already prepared water bath set at 75 degrees for 5 minutes.
  • If the sample contains a reducing sugar the solution will turn from blue to green, yellow or brick red.
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20
Q

How do you use iodine solution to test for starch?

A
  • Put 5cm3 of the food sample to a test tube.
  • Add a few drops of iodine solution to the test tube and shake it gently.
  • If the sample contains starch, the colour will change from browny orange to black or blue black
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21
Q

How do you use the biuret test to test for proteins?

A
  • Put 2cm3 of the food sample in a test tube.
  • Add 2cm3 of biuret solution to the test tube and gently shake it.
  • If the food sample has proteins, the colour will change from blue to purple.
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22
Q

How do you use the Sudan III test to test for lipids?

A
  • Put 5cm3 of the food sample to a test tube.
  • Add 3 drops of Sudan III stain solution to the test tube and gently shake it.
  • If lipids is present, the mixture will separate into two layers, with the top layer being bright red.
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23
Q

What happens when blood has more carbon dioxide than oxygen near the alveoli?

A

When blood has lots of carbon dioxide and little oxygen, oxygen diffuses out of the alveoli to the blood and carbon dioxide diffuse out of the blood to the alveoli to be breathed out.

24
Q

What happens to the blood when it reaches the body cells?

A

Oxygen diffuses from the red blood cells to the body cells and carbon dioxide diffuse out of the body cells to the blood and it’s then carried back to the lungs.

25
Q

What’s the circulatory system made up of?

A

The heart, blood vessels and blood.

26
Q

What happens to the blood on each side of the heart?

A

The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen and the blood returns to the heart.
The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood around the other organs and its oxygen is lost to the body cells so the now deoxygenated blood goes back to the heart.

27
Q

Why are valves useful?

A

They prevent blood flowing backwards.

28
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A

Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle

29
Q

How is blood pumped around the body?

A

Blood comes from the vena cava and pulmonary vein and flows into the atria. The atria contacts and the blood flows into the ventricles. The ventricles also contract and the blood flows through the pulmonary artery and the aorta. The blood flows thought the arteries to other organs and returns through veins. The blood enters the vena cava and the pulmonary vein and the cycle repeats.

30
Q

What are the different types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

31
Q

What are the adaptations of arteries and what do they do?

A

Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart under high pressure. It has thick, muscular, elastic walls and has a narrow lumen.

32
Q

What are the adaptations of veins and what do they do?

A

They carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart under low pressures. It has thin walls but has a thick lumen and have valves to prevent the back flow of blood.

33
Q

What adaptations do capillaries have and what do they do?

A

They carry blood very close to body cells to exchange materials. They have permeable walls to diffuse gases and very thin walls for a short diffusion time.

34
Q

What are the four main things in blood?

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Plasma

35
Q

What do red blood cells do and what are the adaptations of it?

A

They carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells.
They have a biconcave shape (doughnut shape) for absorbing oxygen, no nucleus to allow space for haemoglobin and oxygen, and are thin for a short diffusion time.

36
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

White blood cells defend against infection.
Phagocytes engulf and destroy unwanted microorganisms.
Lymphocytes produce antibodies to fight off the pathogens.

37
Q

What are platelets and what do they do?

A

They are small fragments of cells that help blood clot to prevent blood loss and bacteria from entering.
They do this with proteins sticking to breaks in a blood vessel and clumping together.

38
Q

What is plasma?

A

It’s a straw coloured liquid that transports carbon dioxide, digested food molecules, urea and hormones.

39
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

It’s when the coronary arteries are blocked with fatty material and arteries become thin and blood flow is restricted, leading to a lack of oxygen to the heart muscle.

40
Q

What are stents and what do they do?

A

They are tubes inserted inside the arteries that keep arteries open so blood can pass through to the heart muscles.

41
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of stents?

A

Advantages:
Long lasting
Short recovery time

Disadvantages:
Risk of infection
Risk of thrombosis (blood clot forming near the stent).

42
Q

What are statins?

A

Drugs that reduce the amount of cholesterol in the blood.

43
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of statins?

A

Advantages:
They reduce the risk of strokes, coronary diseases and heart attacks.
Increases “good” cholesterol in your blood and it will get rid of the “bad” cholesterol.

Disadvantages:
Statins are meant to be regularly taken so some people could forget.
They can have some serious side effects e.g kidney failure
Statins takes time to kick in

44
Q

What are ways to treat cardiovascular disease?

A 
Stents
Statins
Artificial heart transplant
Replacement Valves
Artificial Blood
45
Q

What are communicable and non communicable diseases?

A

Communicable diseases can spread from person to person and are generally caused by bacteria, viruses, etc.
Non communicable diseases can’t spread and are usually long lasting and become progressively worse.

46
Q

What are the risk factors that can increase your chance of getting or cause non communicable diseases?

A

Increase:
A person’s lifestyle
Substances in the environment or in your body

Cause:
Smoking
Obesity
Excessive Alcohol
Exposure to Radiation (cancer)
47
Q

What are benign and malignant tumours?

A

Benign tumours grow slowly, usually within a membrane, so can easily be removed. It does not invade other parts of the body and not dangerous or cancerous.

Malignant tumours grow quickly and spreads neighbouring healthy tissues and other parts of the body by travelling through the bloodstream. They cancerous cells detach and form secondary tumours, metastasis.

48
Q

How is the epidermal tissue adapted for its function?

A

It’s covered with a waxy cuticle to reduce water loss

49
Q

How is the palisade mesophyll tissue adapted for its function?

A

It has lots of chloroplasts to absorb light

50
Q

How is the spongy mesophyll tissue adapted for its function?

A

It has big air spaces for efficient gas exchange.

51
Q

What is phloem made of and what does it do?

A

Phloem is made of elongated living cells with small pores in the end walls to let cell sap through.
They transport food to the plant; the food goes in both directions ( translocation)

52
Q

What is xylem made of and what does it do?

A

Xylem is made of dead cells that are joined end to end and are hollow with no end walls.
They carry water and mineral ions from the roots to the stem and leaves (the movement of water here is called transpiration).

53
Q

What’s transpiration and what is it caused by?

A

The loss of water from the plant.

It’s caused by evaporation and diffusion.

54
Q

What factors affect transpiration?

A

Light Intensity - the brighter the light, the greater the transpiration rate
Temperature - the warmer it is, the faster transpiration happens.
Air Flow - The better the air flow around the leaves, the greater the rate of transpiration.
Humidity - The drier the air around the leaves, the faster transpiration is.

55
Q

How are guard cells adapted for its function?

A

Have a kidney shape to open and close the stomata
Take in water when the cell has lots of it, making the cell turgid and opens the
Where there’s a lack of water in the cell, the guard cells lose water and become flaccid and the stomata closes.
Thin outer walls and thick inner walls for the stomata to work effectively.
Close at night to save water.
Stomata is on the the lower layer of the plant so less water is lost compared to the top layer.

Biology (7 decks)

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