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AS Biology > Cell organisation and structure > Flashcards

Cell organisation and structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What does plasmid contain?

A

DNA

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2
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

To control what goes in and out of a cell

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3
Q

Define what an organ is.

A

Comprises several tissues working together, performing a specific function.

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4
Q

What is tissue made of?

A

Groups of cells

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5
Q

What two things do you need for microscope calibration?

A

Eye piece graticule

Stage micrometer

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6
Q

Define magnification.

A

How many times bigger the image is compared to the objects size in real life

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7
Q

Why do vesicles move towards the cell membrane?

A

So thing ms can get in and out if the cell

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8
Q

What are the three components of the nucleus?

A

Nuclear membrane
Nucleolus
Chromatin

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9
Q

What does pores within the membrane of a nucleus allow?

A

The passage of large molecules

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10
Q

What is the outer membrane of a nucleus continuous with?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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11
Q

What is the granular material in the nucleus called?

A

Nucleoplasm

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12
Q

What does the nucleoplasm contain?

A

Chromatin

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13
Q

What shape are mitochondria?

A

Cylindrical

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14
Q

The inner membrane of a mitochondria is folded inwards to form what?

A

Cristae

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15
Q

What is the chemical that your cell can use as fuel?

A

ATP

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16
Q

What is the matrix in a mitochondria?

A

A solution containing many compounds, lipids and proteins.

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17
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

To produce ATP in aerobic respiration

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18
Q

In what way is the SER structurally different to the RER?

A

It comprises membranes that lack ribosomes

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19
Q

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum associated with?

A

The synthesis and transport of lipids

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20
Q

The ER is composed of fluid filled flattened sacs called…

A

Cisternae

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21
Q

What does the RER have that is different to the SER structurally?

A

Ribosomes

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22
Q

What is the function of the RER

A

To transport the proteins made in the ribosomes

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23
Q

Where are you likely to find a lot of SER?

A

In cells that store a large quantity of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.

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24
Q

In which type of cell are ribosomes smaller in, eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic

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25
Where are ribosomes made?
In the nucleolus
26
What are ribosomes an important part of?
Protein synthesis
27
How is a Golgi body's structure different to the ER?
It is more compact
28
State 4 functions of the Golgi body.
``` Producing secretory enzymes packaged into secretory vesicles Modifying/packaging proteins Screwing carbohydrates Transporting and storing lipids Forming lysosomes ```
29
What is a glycoprotein?
Sugar and protium together
30
How are lysosomes formed?
By being pinched off from the Golgi body
31
What is the role of lysosomes?
To contain and isolate potentially harmful enzymes from the remainder of the cell. They release these enzymes when the cells needs to recycle out worn organelles.
32
Why do lysosomes need to isolate potentially harmful enzymes?
Because these enzymes could digest the cell
33
In which cell are ribosomes smaller in? Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Prokaryotic
34
Where are centrioles located?
Just outside the nucleus
35
What are centrioles made of?
Two rings of microtubules
36
During cell division, what is the role of centrioles?
Organise the microtubules that make the spindle
37
Where is the highest concentration of chloroplasts in a leaf? Why?
Palisade mesophyll | Here they will receive more light which is needed for photosynthesis
38
How many membranes is a chloroplast surrounded by? What does this make up?
2 | The chloroplast envelope
39
What is a stroma?
The fluid filled space in a chloroplast
40
What does the stroma in a chloroplast contain?
The products of photosynthesis, including starch grains and lipid droplets.
41
Which plant cells contains no chloroplasts? Why?
Root cells, because they are underground and so will not receive any light for photosynthesis
42
What type of ribosomes do chloroplasts contain?
70s
43
What do the ribosomes and DNA in ribosomes allow them to do?
Make some of their own DNA and self replicate
44
What are thylakoids? Where are they found?
Closed, flattens sacs in the stroma of a chloroplast.
45
What is a granum?
A stack of thylakoids
46
What is the advantage of having so many thylakoids?
Large surface area, efficient for trapping light energy
47
What does the embosymbiotic theory describe?
The origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts
48
What function did engulfed bacteria that became chloroplasts perform?
Turn carbon dioxide and water into glucose
49
What do vacuoles contain?
Cell sap
50
What does the cell sap in a vacuole contain?
Dissolved glucose, amino acids and minerals, vitamins and pigments
51
What is the membrane around the vacuole called?
Tonoplast
52
What is the difference between animal and plant cell vacuoles?
Plant - large, permanent, central and filled with cell sap. | Animal - small, temporary and scattered.
53
What makes up the cell wall in plants?
Cellulose
54
What are the three mane functions of cells walls in plants?
Transport Mechanical strength Communication between cells
55
How does the cell wall help with transport?
Gaps in the fibres in the cell wall make the wall permeable to water, dissolved molecules and ions.
56
Why is the cell wall mechanically strong?
The structure of the fibres make the cell wall very strong. When the vacuole is full it pushes against the cell wall, which resists.
57
What does plasmodesmata do? What is this useful for?
It connects cells which is useful for communication between cells
58
What are many plasmodesmata called?
One plasmodesmata
59
What is an example of a prokaryote?
Bacteria
60
Prokaryotes have no...
...membrane bound organelles.
61
How is the infolding of the cell membrane beneficial for the cell?
Increased surface area
62
What microscope can viruses be seen under?
Electron microscope
63
What does acellular mean? Give an example of something that is acellular.
Not made of cells, eg viruses
64
How do viruses multiply?
By invading a cell and taking over its metabolism and multiplying inside that host cell.
65
Each virus is surrounded by a protein coat called the...
...capsid.
66
What is differentiation?
The development of a cell into a different type
67
Define cell.
Surrounded by a membrane, they are the building blocks of all life
68
Define tissue.
Group of cells with the same structure and function working together
69
What is the simplest form of epithelial tissue?
Cuboidal epithelium
70
How thick is the tissue in cuboidal epithelial?
One cell thick
71
How does columnar epithelial differ from cuboidal epithelial?
Elongated cells
72
Describe squamous epithelial
Consist of flattened cells on a basement membrane. They form the walls of alveoli
73
What are the three types of muscle?
Skeletal Smooth Cardiac
74
Why are skeletal muscles voluntary muscles?
Because you can consciously control contraction of these muscles
75
What is the role of connective tissue?
Supports or separates tissues and organs
76
What does connective tissue contain?
Elastic and collagen fibres in an extracellular fluid or matrix
77
What does a chloroplast contain?
Chlorophyll

AS Biology (7 decks)

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