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Biology - Biochemistry > Cell Parts > Flashcards

Cell Parts Flashcards

1
Q

Overview of cells

A
  • All organisms are made of cells
  • The cell is the simplest collection of matter that can be alive
  • Cell structure is correlated to cellular function
  • All cells are related by their descent from earlier cells
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2
Q

Light Microscope (LM)

A
  • Limited in what you can see
  • Visible light is passed through a specimen and then through glass lenses
  • LM’s magnify to about 1000 times the size of the actual specimen
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3
Q

What are Electron Microscopes (Ems)?

A
  • Microscopes used to study subcellular structures
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4
Q

What are the two basic types of electron microscopes?

A
  • Scanning electron microscopes
  • Transmission electron microscopes
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5
Q

Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs)

A
  • Focus a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen
  • Outer view
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6
Q

Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs)

A
  • Focus a beam of electrons through a specimen
  • Used to study the internal structure of cells
  • Do this by slicing what you are looking at
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7
Q

Cell Fractionation

A
  • Takes cells apart and separates major organelles
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8
Q

What is a centrifuge?

A
  • A machine that fractionates cells into their component parts so scientists can determine the function of organelles
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9
Q

Basic features of ALL cells

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Contains the semifluid substance cytosol
  • Chromosomes (carry genes)
  • Ribosomes (make proteins)
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10
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • All fluid in all compartments of a cell
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11
Q

Cytosol

A
  • The fluid bathing the organelles
  • NOT found inside organelles
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12
Q

What domains consist of prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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13
Q

Prokaryotic cells are characterized by…

A
  • No nucleus
  • No membrane-bound organelles
  • DNA is in an unbound region called the nucleoid
  • Cytoplasm bound by the cell membrane
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14
Q

Eukaryotic cells are characterized by…

A
  • DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a nuclear envelope
  • Membrane-bound organelles
  • Cytoplasm in the region between the cell membrane and nucleus
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15
Q

Cell membrane

A
  • Selective barrier that allows passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste
  • General structure: phospholipid bilayer
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16
Q

Where is the cell’s genetic information housed in eukaryotic cell’s?

A
  • In the nucleus and carried out by ribosomes
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17
Q

The nucleus

A
  • Contains most of cell’s genes
  • Usually most conspicuous organelle
  • Information central
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18
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A
  • Encloses the nucleus
  • Separating it from the cytosol
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19
Q

Nuclear Lamina

A
  • Maintains the shape of the nucleus
  • Composed of protein
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20
Q

Chromatin

A
  • DNA and proteins of chromosomes together
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21
Q

Nucleolus

A
  • Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis
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22
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • Protein factories
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23
Q

Where do ribosomes carry out protein synthesis?

A
  • In the cytosol (free ribosomes)
  • On the outside of the ER
  • the nuclear envelope
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24
Q

Endomembrane System

A
  • Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell
  • Components of the system are either continuous or connected via transfer by vesicles
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25
Q

Components of the Endomembrane System

A
  • Nuclear envelope
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosomes
  • Vacuoles
  • Cell membrane
  • Vesicles
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26
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • Continuous with the nuclear envelope
  • 2 types: smooth and rough
27
Q

Smooth ER

A
  • Synthesizes lipids
  • Metabolizes carbohydrates
  • Detoxifies drugs and poisons
  • Stores calcium ions
  • Lacks ribosomes
28
Q

Rough ER

A
  • Has bound ribosomes, which secrete glycoproteins
  • Distributes transport vesicles
  • Membrane factory for the cell
  • Surface stubbed with ribosomes
29
Q

Transport vesicles

A

Proteins surrounded by membranes

30
Q

Golgi Apparatus/Bodies

A
  • Modifies products of the ER
  • Manufactures certain macromolecules
  • Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles
31
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • A membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that digest macromolecules
  • Lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles and digests the molecules
32
Q

Vacuoles

A
  • Diverse maintenance compartment, used for storage
33
Q

Contractile Vacuoles

A
  • Found in freshwater protists
  • They pump excess water out of cells
34
Q

Central Vacuoles

A
  • Found in plant cells
  • Hold organic compounds and water
35
Q

Evolutionary similarities between Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

A
  • Similar to bacteria
  • Both enveloped by a double membrane
  • Contain free ribosomes and circular DNA molecules
  • Grow and reproduce somewhat independently in cells
36
Q

Endosymbiont Theory or the Endosymbiotic Theory of Evolution

A
  • An early ancestor of a eukaryotic cells engulfed a non-photosynthetic prokaryotic cell, this formed an endosymbiont relationship with its host
  • They merged into a single organism, a eukaryotic cell with a mitochondrion
  • One of these cells engulfed a photosynthetic prokaryote, becoming the ancestor of cells that contain chloroplasts
37
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • Site of cellular respiration, synthesizes ATP
  • Has a double membrane
  • Inner membrane creates two compartments: inter membrane space and mitochondrial matrix
38
Q

Cristae

A
  • Finger-like projections
  • What the membrane of mitochondria is folded into
39
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • Site of photosynthesis
  • It contains enzymes, other molecules and chlorophyll
40
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • Produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water
41
Q

Microtubules

A
  • Thickest diameter of the three components of the cytoskeleton
  • Hollow
  • Shapes the cell
  • Guides movements of organelles
  • Separates chromosomes during cell division
42
Q

Microfilaments

A
  • Thinnest diameter
  • Built as a twisted double chain of actin subunits
43
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A
  • Middle size
  • Strong and dense
  • Solid with many strands
44
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • Helps support cell and maintain its shape
  • Vesicles travel along the cytoskeleton
45
Q

Centrosome

A
  • Microtubules grow from a centrosome
  • In animal cells, each centrosome has a pair of centrioles
46
Q

Centrioles

A
  • used in cell division
  • Not in plant cells
47
Q

Cilia and flagella

A
  • Allow movement
  • Share a common structure
  • Differ in beating paterns
48
Q

Basal Body

A

Anchors the cilium or flagella

49
Q

Dynein

A
  • Motor protein
50
Q

3 Extracellular Components

A
  • Cell walls (plants)
  • Extracellular matrix (animal cells)
  • Intercellular junctions
51
Q

Cell Wall

A
  • Has multiple layers
  • Protects the plant cell, maintains its shape and prevents excessive uptake of water
52
Q

Primary Cell Wall

A

Relatively thin and flexible

53
Q

Secondary Cell Wall

A
  • In some cells
  • Added between the cell membrane and the primary cell wall
54
Q

Middle Lamella

A
  • Thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells
  • Lamella=connector
55
Q

The Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

A
  • A network of fibres stuck to the outside of cells
  • Made up of glycoproteins
56
Q

Extracellular Matrix Functions

A
  • Support
  • Adhesion
  • Movement
  • Regulation
57
Q

What is a cell junction?

A

Neighbouring cells often adhere, interact, and communicate through direct physical contact; intercellular junctions facilitate this contact

58
Q

Junctions in plants

A

Plasmodesmata

59
Q

Junctions in animals

A
  • Tight junctions
  • Gap junctions
  • Desmosomes
60
Q

Plasmodesmata

A
  • Channels that puncture plant cell walls
  • water and small solutes can pass from cell to cell
61
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Membranes of neighbouring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid

62
Q

Desmosomes

A
  • Anchoring
  • Fasten cells together into strong sheets
63
Q

Gap Junctions

A
  • Communicating
  • Provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells

Biology - Biochemistry (18 decks)

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