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Cell Pathology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is resolution

A

Regeneration of normal, functional, parenchymal cells

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2
Q

Where is resolution possible

A

Cells that are capable of regeneration e.g. liver

Where there is little structural damage

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3
Q

Define inflammation

A

Reactions of living vascularated tissue to sub-lethal cellular injury

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4
Q

Give the features of acute inflammation

A 
Transient and early response to injury. 
Histamine release 
Necrosis
Neutrophils involved
Mast cells and eosinophils also involved
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5
Q

Give the features of chronic inflammation

A

Inflammation of a prolonged duration
Cytokines
Granulation tissue
Macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells involved.

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6
Q

Give the features of granulomatous inflammation

A

Specialised form of chronic inflammation
Granuloma formation (ball of activated lymphocytes)
Giant cells that are fused macrophages - multi-nucleated and horse-shoe shaped nucleus

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7
Q

What are the positives of inflammation

A

Removal of causative agent
Cessation of inflammatory agent
Healing of tissue

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8
Q

What are the negatives of inflammation

A

Local tissue is damaged which leads to scarring
Systemic inflammatory reaction
Multi-organ failure

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9
Q

How does resolution relate to lobar pneumonia

A

exudation
Red hepatisation (RBCs go to alveoli)
Break down (grey hepatisation)
Resolution

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10
Q

Describe repair in relation to inflammation

A

Scar tissue formation

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11
Q

When may repair occur

A

Tissue loss is too great

Cells are unable to regenerate

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12
Q

Give the process of repair

A

Fibroblasts lay down collagen
Collagen is remodelled for maximum tensile strength
Normal tissue is replaced by non-functional scar tissue

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13
Q

Define tumour

A

Mass forming lesion

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14
Q

Define neoplasm

A

Autonomous growth of tissue which have escape normal constraints

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15
Q

Define malignant

A

Invasion of localised and/or spread to other tissue

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16
Q

Define benign

A

Localised

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17
Q

Define cancer

A

Malignant neoplasm

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18
Q

Define hamartoma

A

Localised benign overgrowth of one or more mature cell types

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19
Q

Define hererotopias

A

Normal tissue found in parts of the body where they are not usually found

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20
Q

Compare benign to malignant

A

Well differentiated vs poorly differentiated
Slow vs rapid
Does not infiltrate BM vs does infiltrate BM
No metastasis vs metastasis

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21
Q

Define teratoma§

A

Tumour from germ cell

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22
Q

How may a tumour be spread

A 
Direct extension
Haematogenous
Lymphatic
Transcoelomic 
Perineural
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23
Q

Describe TNM

A 
T = tumour size and invasion
N = Nodes (no. of lymph involved)
M = Metastases
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24
Q

What is staging

A

The spreading

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25
What is grade
Differentiation stage
26
What is more important, staging or grade?
stage
27
Give examples of carcninogens
``` Environmental = UV, ionising radiation, asbestos Infection = EBV, HPV, Hep B, HHV8, H. Pylori Chemical = Hydrocarbons, Amines, Nitrosamines, Azo dyes ```
28
What are the types of cell injury
``` Genetic defects Infectious agents Nutritional imbalance Chemical agents Hypoxia Ageing Physical agents Immunological reactions ```
29
Give examples of vulnerable mechanisms
Cell membrane integrity ATP generation Protein synthesis Genetic apparatus
30
Define atrophy and give an example
A decrease in size of cell or organ by cell substance loss e.g. cortical atrophy in Alzheimers
31
Define hypertrophy and give an example
Increase in size of cells, leading to an increase in organ or tissue size e.g. hypertension in the left ventricle
32
Define hyperplasia and give an example
Increase in number of cells in an organ, increasing organ size e.g. oestrogen induced benign prostatic
33
DefineMetaplasia and give an example
Reversible change where one cell type becomes another cell type e.g. Barrett's oesophagus.
34
Define Dysplasia and give and example
Pre cancerous cells which show genetic and cytological features of malignancy e.g. cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
35
Give examples of reversible injury/ change
Fatty change | Cellular swelling
36
Describe apoptosis
Programmed cell death of single cells. Active and energy-dependent.
37
Describe necrosis
Confluent cell death associated with inflammation.
38
Give the 4 types of necrosis
Coagulative - substance and not the shape Liquefactive - tissue broken down Caseous - granulatomous inflammation Fat - break down of fat cells
39
What is an ulcer
Local defect or excavation of the surface of an organ or tissue, produced by sloughing of necrotic inflammatory tissue
40
What does degenerative mean
Change of a tissue to a lower or less functionally active form
41
sub-lethal injury
An injury that does not kill the cell/organism
42
Who is the coroner
independent judicial officer that has a duty to investigate the circumstance of death for protection of the public
43
Give the types of death that must be reported to the coroner
``` Cause of death is unkown Deceased has not been seen after death Death was violent, unnatural or suspicious Death may be due to an accident Death may be due to neglect Due to industrial disease Abortion Operation or recovery from anaesthetic Suicide Police or prison custody Poisoning ```
44
What is a hospital autopsy
Allows thorough examination of the disease, the extent of their disease, treatment and effects
45
Why may a hospital autopsy be conducted
Audit - major discrepancies between stated and actual cause of death Monitoring treatment effectiveness Teaching Research
46
What is the consent needed for hospital autopsies
Consent require from relatives but once taken, any material may be used
47
What is the consent required for a coroner's autopsy
No consent required by material may only be taken from the area related to cause of death
48
Give the sub sections of a death certificate
1a - immediate cause of death 1b - predisposing factor 1c - predisposing factor 2 - other factors contributing to but not directly leading to death
49
Give an example of a death certificate
1a- haemopericardium 1b-myocardial infarction 1c- ischaemic heart disease 2- hypertension
50
Give natural causes of sudden unexpected death
``` Cardiovascular disease (cardiac arrhythmia) Berry aneurysm Haemorrhage Pulmonary embolus Asthma bleeding ulcer ```
51
Give non-natural causes of sudden unexpected death
Drugs Alcohol Trauma
52
Define a bruise
A blunt trauma injury that causes bleeding to subcutaneous tissue
53
Define an abrasion
A graze or scratch (superficial blunt trauma injury) which is confined to the epidermis, but may extend to the superficial dermis. Due to tangenital force e.g. friction burn, whip, stamp
54
Define a laceration
A split in the skin as a result of blunt force trauma overstitching it. They are deep and bleed with a ragged margin. Common where skin is compressed between force and underlying bone, rarely over fleshy areas.
55
Compare cut and stab
``` Cut = length > depth Stab = depth> length ```
56
Give the key features of Helicobacter pylori
Gram -ve Asymptomatic Associated with lymphoma
57
Give the mechanism of H pylori infection of the stomach
``` Infection Inflammation Metaplasia and atrophy Dysplasia Adenocarcinoma ```
58
What are the 3 things an atheroma can lead to
Slow occlusion of the artery Sudden occlusion of the artery Weakening of the artery wall
59
What can slow occlusion of the artery lead to
Angina Claudication Vascular dementia
60
What can sudden occlusion of the artery lead to
Thrombosis | Embolism
61
What can weakening of the artery wall lead do
Aneurysms
62
What is oedema
An abnormal increase in interstitial fluid
63
What physical changes are seen with oedema
Pitting = fluid in subcutaneous tissue | Fluid in serous cavity
64
What are the causes of oedema
``` increase in hydrostatic pressure Decrease in oncotic pressure Lymphatic obstruction Inflammation Water and salt retention ```
65
What are the two types of oedema
Generalised and localised
66
Summarise generalised oedema
Peritoneal, pleural, pericardial serous cavities Left heart failure leads to right heart failure Inflammation Hypertenstion Lymphatic obstruction
67
Summarise localised oedema
Pulmonary or cerebral | decrease in oncotic (albumin) pressure often due to hypoproteinaemia or congestive heart failure
68
How does pulmonary localised oedema occur
Left heart failure leads to hydrostatic pressure being greater than oncotic pressure so fluid enters the interstitial spaces. Fluid then enter the alveoli. Leads to pneumonia, dyspnoea and orthopnoea
69
How can you identify pulmonary oedema on an X ray
Fluid shows as thin white lines with no clear spaces on the lungs
70
Describe cerebral localised oedema
Vasogenic so increased capillary and venule permeability. Cytotoxic as Na-K pumps do not work
71
Define thrombosis
Abnormal blood clot formation in the circulatory system
72
What is Virchow's triad
Causes of thrombosis Endothelial injury Stasis or turbulent blood flow (pulmonary embolus) Hypercoagulation
73
When will thrombosis come into attention
Embolisation | Artery obstruction
74
What are the thrombosis fates
Propagation (get bigger) Embolisation (breaks off) Dissolves / dissolution Organisation / restore capillary flow
75
Give features of arterial thrombosis
Vessel wall injury Narrowing Occlusion leads to infarction
76
Give features of venous thrombosis
Stasis or hyper coagulability deep leg veins Pulmonary embolus
77
What is an embolus
Abnormal material in circulation carried away from the origin
78
Give the features of an embolus
Most are thromboemboli (fragments from the thrombus) Could also be air, fat, tumour Can block blood vessels
79
What are the risk factors for embolus
Age Pregnancy Trauma
80
What is an infarct
Area of ischemic necrosis from occlusion
81
Compare white and red infarct
``` White = arterial occlusion in firm/dense organs Red = venous occlusion in double circulatory organs ```
82
What is atherosclerosis
Chronic disease caused by focal accumulation of lipids, fibrous tissue and smooth muscle cells
83
What is haemorrhage
Extravasion of blood due to vessel rupture
84
What are the causes of haemorrhage
Trauma to vessel Amyloid Collagen vascular diseases
85
What are the types of shock
cardiogenic Hypovolaemia Septic Neurogenic
86
Compare stable to unstable atherosclerosis
Stable - less inflammation with a thick fibrous cap. Slow growing with a low rupture risk unstable - more inflammation with a lipid core and a thin fibrous cap and a high rupture risk
87
What is stable atherosclerosis related to
stable angina and chronic limb ischaemia
88
What is unstable atherosclerosis related to
unstable angina and myocardial infarction

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