Cell Pathology & Inflammation

Question 1

T/F: Typically, fibroblasts can survive without oxygen longer than either myocardial or kidney cells.

Answer 1

1 True

Question 2

T/F: The decrease in size seen in the thymus gland after puberty is an example of pathologic atrophy.

Answer 2

2 False; it’s physiologic atrophy

Question 3

T/F: Hypertrophy and hyperplasia never (or very seldom) occur together, so that typically organs or tissues undergo one or the other, but not both simultaneously.

Answer 3

3 False; in fact, most times they do occur together

Question 4

T/F: Macrophages are the most abundant of the blood-borne leukocytes, and are typically the first inflammatory cells to appear on the site of an early inflammation.

Answer 4

4 False; PMNs are most numerous. “Never let monkeys eat bananas!”

Question 5

T/F: Inflammation is best thought of as an injurious process that offers few real benefits to the body.

Answer 5

5 False; some of the benefits are given in a later question on this review sheet

Question 6

__________________________ inflammation lasts a few hours to a few days, while _________________________ inflammation lasts, well, longer.

Answer 6

10 Acute, chronic

Question 7

___________________ refers to the reduced availability of oxygen.

Answer 7

11 Hypoxia

Question 8

A(n) ______________________ is a cavity, usually occupied previously by an abscess, that drains through a channel to the surface of the body.

Answer 8

12 Sinus

Question 9

____________________ refers to a lack of oxygen.

Answer 9

13 Anoxia

Question 10

A(n) __________________________ is a channel formed between two pre-existing cavities or a hollow organ and the surface of the body.

Answer 10

14 Fistula

Question 11

___________________________ is a decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or the entire body.

Answer 11

15 Atrophy

Question 12

____________________ refers to the accumulation of pus in a pre-formed body cavity, such as pus collecting in the pleural cavity.

Answer 12

16 Empyema

Question 13

_________________________________ refers to the weight loss, wasting of muscle, loss of appetite, and general debility that can occur during a chronic disease.

Answer 13

17 Cachexia

Question 14

________________________ cells and ____________________________ cells lead the body’s defense against cancerous and virus-infected cells by killing such cells when they find them.

Answer 14

18 Natural killer, cytotoxic T

Question 15

______________________ refers to an increase in the size of tissues or organs owing to an enlargement of individual cells.

Answer 15

19 Hypertrophy

Question 16

The _____________________________ consists of a family of proteins that are released by virus- infected cells and that temporarily turn off protein production in nearby cells; without the ability to make proteins, viruses cannot replicate inside host cells.

Answer 16

20 Interferons

Question 17

_________________________________ refers to an increase in the size of tissues and organs due to an increase in cell numbers.

Answer 17

21 Hyperplasia

Question 18

_______________________ is a family of at least 20 plasma proteins (chalk up another job for that liver!) which circulate in blood in an inactive state and which, when activated by antibodies or other means, fight would-be pathogens; e.g., these activated proteins can form membrane attack complexes, which lyse nearby (and hopefully foreign!) cells

Answer 18

22 Complement

Question 19

________________________________ is a type of adaptation whereby cells change from one type to another as, for example, epithelial cells changing from columnar to squamous.

Answer 19

23 Metaplasia

Question 20

______________________ necrosis occurs when ischemic tissue switches to anaerobic respiration and the resulting high levels of intracellular metabolic acids denature cell proteins, disrupt the nucleus and cause cell death.

Answer 20

24 Coagulative

Question 21

_________________________________ refers to abnormal formation at the cellular, tissue, or organ level; e.g., cell changes characterized by a disorderly arrangement of cells and also nuclear atypia.

Answer 21

25 Dysplasia

Question 22

_______________________ necrosis occurs when dead tissue softens and “turns to mush;” most commonly this is seen in necrotic brain tissue or in localized infections.

Answer 22

26 Liquefactive

Question 23

_________________________________ is defined as an increased sensitivity to pain.

Answer 23

27 Hyperalgesia

Question 24

A(n) _________________________ is a localized collection of pus within an organ or tissue.

Answer 24

28 Abscess

Question 25

__________________________ are chemicals that cause the body’s thermostat to be reset upwards, resulting in fever.

Answer 25

29 Pyrogens

Question 26

List seven classic symptoms of inflammation, including the four cardinal signs (swelling, etc.) and three constitutional symptoms. The first answer has been completed for you already (1 pt each; 6 pts total).

Answer 26

30 Redness, heat, pain, loss of function, fever, leukocytosis, exhaustion, fatigue, weakness, depression, loss of appetite, generalized pain

Question 27

Which ONE of the following is best describes why some NSAIDs such as aspirin relieve inflammation but cause gastric bleeding while others— COX-2 inhibitors such as celebrex— alleviate joint inflammation but do not damage the gastric mucosa? A. Unlike aspirin, COX-2 inhibitors cannot cross the gastric mucosa to damage the mucus-secreting cells, which leaves the mucous layer intact and protects against bleeding B. COX-2 inhibitors are generally taken by intravenous injection, so that they do not have the chance to damage the gastric mucosa C. COX-2 inhibitors decrease the production of eicosanoids (e.g., prostaglandins) in the inflammatory response but, unlike COX-1 inhibitors, do not decrease its low-level production for normal housekeeping tasks (such as maintaining the gastric mucosa) D. (The question is flawed, Mr. Silly! COX-2 inhibitors do cause considerable gastric bleeding).

Answer 27

40 C

Question 28

Which of the following lists the five types of leukocytes in the human body in order from most abundant to least abundant? A. (most) eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes (fewest). B. (most) basophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes, neutrophils (fewest). C. (most) neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes (fewest). D. (most) neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils (fewest).

Answer 28

41 D; there’s that “banana” thing again (or was it, “Never let Mama eat beans!”)

Question 29

Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE regarding eicosanoids (leukotrienes, prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and/or prostacyclins)? A. Thromboxane encourages, and prostacyclin inhibits, platelet aggregation B. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes mediate inflammation C. Prostaglandins have wide-reaching effects about the body, affecting organs from the kidneys to the uterus to the stomach D. NSAIDs inhibit the formation of all eicosanoids from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2 E. (None, Mr. Silly! All of the above are true about eicosanoids)

Answer 29

42 D; this statement is true of corticosteroids, which inhibit phospholipase A2, not NSAIDs (which inhibit cyclooxygenase)

Question 30

Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE of complement? A. Complement consists of a family of about 20 proteins B. Inactive complement proteins are made by the liver C. One mode of action of activated complement is to cause membrane attack complexes to form in the cell membranes of nearby (and hopefully foreign) cells, causing them to lyse D. Another mode of action of activated complement is to coat bacterial surfaces, making them easier for phagocytes to eat E. Another mode of action of activated complement is to increase inflammation F. (None, Mr. Silly! All of the above are true about complement)

Answer 30

43 F; remarkable proteins made by which remarkable organ???

Question 31

Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE of antibodies which have bound their antigen? A. One mode of action of such antibodies is to fix complement, which augments the immune system in a number of ways, including cell lysis B. Another mode of action of such antibodies is to precipitate toxins and foreign substances out of solution C. Yet another mode of action of such antibodies is to directly inject toxic substances into bacterial cells, killing them D. Yet another mode of action of such antibodies is to neutralize the active sites of foreign proteins such as enzymes and receptors E. (None, Mr. Silly! All of the above are true of antibodies)

Answer 31

44 C; antibodies cannot directly kill anything; they facilitate other process to do the killing

Question 32

An increase in tissue/organ size due to an increase in cell numbers

Answer 32

50i Hyperplasia

Question 33

The increase in skeletal muscle mass seen in Arnold the bodybuilder during his prime competitive years

Answer 33

ii hypertrophy

Question 34

The loss of muscle tissue in a bed-ridden AIDS patient

Answer 34

iii F atrophy

Question 35

In this pre-cancerous condition, cervical epithelial cells have become disorderly and look atypical

Answer 35

iv D dysplasia

Question 36

A cancerous tumor growing in the pancreas

Answer 36

v E neoplasia

Question 37

Barrett’s esophagus; the change in the esophageal mucosa from a stratified squamous to a simple glandular epithelium

Answer 37

vi C metaplasia

Question 38

The decrease in size of uterine and breast tissue as hormonal support is withdrawn after menopause

Answer 38

vii F atrophy

Question 39

The loss of once-considerable skeletal muscle mass seen in Arnold during his later years, as he gives up on bodybuilding and settles into the sedentary life as a governor of the hypothetical state of Kahleefornea

Answer 39

viii F atrophy

Question 40

After years of irritation by cigarette smoke, the normal simple columar epithelium of the bronchial tubes transforms into a stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 40

ix C metaplasia

Question 41

The antibody class capable of fixing complement through the entire cascade (to C9)

Answer 41

51i IgM

Question 42

The only antibody class which can cross the placenta

Answer 42

52ii IgG

Question 43

The only antibody class whose stems can bind to mast cells and basophils, causing histamine degranulation; important in allergies

Answer 43

iii IgE

Question 44

The antibody class capable of fixing complement but only partially through the cascade (to C3)

Answer 44

iv IgG

Question 45

The antibody class typical of acute inflammation

Answer 45

v IgM

Question 46

The antibody class commonly found in body secretions such as sweat, tears, saliva, and milk

Answer 46

vi IgA

Question 47

The antibody class typical of chronic inflammation

Answer 47

vii IgG

Question 48

The antibody class that confers passive immunity to baby in utero

Answer 48

viii IgG

Question 49

The most abundant and diverse antibody class in the plasma

Answer 49

ix IgG

Question 50

The antibody class (from mom!) that provides passive immunity to baby postnatally

Answer 50

x IgA

Question 51

An inflammation commonly caused by pus-forming bacteria and usually characterized by the accumulation of pus in some sort of cavity

Answer 51

52i C purulent

Question 52

A mild inflammation characterized by an exudate that is clear and contains relatively few cells

Answer 52

ii A serous

Question 53

A more severe inflammation—and one more often seen in certain bacterial infections— characterized by an exudate that is rich in fibrin

Answer 53

iii B fibrinous

Question 54

Common examples of this inflammation include skin vesicles caused by herpesvirus, the hydroarthrosis of rheumatoid arthritis, and the blisters of the skin in a second degree burn

Answer 54

iv A serous

Question 55

An inflammation which causes the loss of the epithelial lining in a mucosal or cutaneous membrane

Answer 55

v D ulcerative

Question 56

This inflammation is characterized by a transudate containing lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells; long-lasting, this inflammation is often accompanied by increased fibroblast activity and the consequent gradual loss to fibrosis of parenchymal cells

Answer 56

vi E chronic

Question 57

A family of about 20 plasma proteins which, once activated, reinforce the inflammatory response in many ways, including increasing phagocytosis, histamine release from mast cells, chemotaxis of inflammatory cells, and downright destruction of nearby cells (hopefully would-be pathogens).

Answer 57

53i C complement/complement derived products

Question 58

The chemical mediators whose synthesis is inhibited by steroid drugs such as prednisone

Answer 58

ii A arachidonic acid derivatives

Question 59

Released by platelets, mast cells and basophils, this substance— only active for an hour or so— causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

Answer 59

iii D histamine

Question 60

A slower acting mediator of inflammation which is derived from a plasma protein and is a potent vasodilator; it also hypersensitizes pain neurons

Answer 60

iv B bradykinin

Question 61

A family of compounds derived from membrane phospholipids which have many effects, including increasing vascular permeability, promoting chemotaxis of inflammatory cells, and causing fever

Answer 61

v A Arachidonic acid derivatives

Question 62

Hypersensitivity reaction that does not involve antibodies

Answer 62

Type IV hypersensitivity

Question 63

Hypersensitivity reaction that involves IgE antibodies and mast cells

Answer 63

A Type I hypersensitivity

Question 64

Hypersensitivity reaction seen in a certain hyperthyroidism where antibodies bind to and stimulate the TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) receptor

Answer 64

Type II hypersensitivity

Question 65

Hypersensitivity reaction that may result in a granuloma

Answer 65

Type IV hypersensitivity

Question 66

Hypersensitivity reaction involved in contact dermatitis; skin becomes infiltrated with leukocytes causing inflammation and possibly vesicle formation

Answer 66

Type IV hypersensitivity

Question 67

Hypersensitivity reaction involved in poison oak, where skin becomes infiltrated with lymphocytes (T cells) and macrophages, which do not cause a granuloma but do cause a rash in the overyling skin

Answer 67

Type IV hypersensitivity

Question 68

Hypersensitivity reaction involving massive and dangerous histamine degranulation, which in turn causes a widespread, life-threatening drop in blood pressure (anaphylactic shock)

Answer 68

Type I hypersensitivity

Question 69

Hypersensitivity reaction involving the immune system

Answer 69

Applies to all types I-IV

Question 70

Hypersensitivity reaction where immune complexes are formed in, or deposited on, the walls of small- and medium-sized vessels, resulting in vessel damaged and ultimately vessel occlusion

Answer 70

Type III hypersensitivity

Question 71

Hypersensitivity reaction where antibodies to a wide array of self antigens form immune complexes that are formed in or deposited on basement membranes around the body, causing widespread dysfunction

Answer 71

Type III hypersensitivity

Question 72

Hypersensitivity reaction where antibodies bind to surface antigens on red blood cells (RBCs), which allows killer cells (e.g., cytotoxic T cells) to recognize the coated RBCs and lyse them

Answer 72

Type II hypersensitivity

Question 73

Hypersensitivity reaction involved in hay fever

Answer 73

Type I hypersensitivity

Question 74

Hypersensitivity reaction involved in most allergies

Answer 74

Type I hypersensitivity

Question 75

Hypersensitivity reaction where streptococcal antigens “planted” on the glomerular membrane result in binding of antibodies, formation of immune complexes, activation of complement, and ultimately glomerular inflammation and kidney dysfunction

Answer 75

Type III hypersensitivity

Question 76

List three benefits to the body of inflammation.

Answer 76

(i) Hyperemia brings in resources for healing and inflammatory cells to fight infection., (ii) Fever and local heat hinder bacterial growth., (iii) Pain makes individual aware of tissue damage, (iv) Pain and swelling discourage use of the area, hindering further damage and encouraging rapid healing. Other answers are possible