Cell Phys (mod 1)

Question 1

What is Electronegativity?

Answer 1

The tendency of an atom to attract electrons

Question 2

What is a Nonpolar Covalent Bond?

Answer 2

Bond with an electronegativity difference of 0 to 0.4

Question 3

What is a Polar Covalent Bond?

Answer 3

Bond with an electronegativity difference of 0.5 to 1.7

Question 4

What defines an Ionic Bond?

Answer 4

Bond with an electronegativity difference greater than 1.7

Question 5

What is a Hydrogen Bond?

Answer 5

Weak attraction between molecules, such as between water molecules

Question 6

Define Hydrophilic

Answer 6

Substance or structure attracted to water

Question 7

Define Hydrophobic

Answer 7

Substance or structure repelled by water

Question 8

What is a Peptide Bond?

Answer 8

Bond between amino acids

Question 9

What is an Ester Bond?

Answer 9

Bond between glycerol and fatty acids

Question 10

What is a Phosphodiester Bond?

Answer 10

Bond between nucleotides in DNA

Question 11

What is Potential Energy?

Answer 11

Stored energy

Question 12

What is Chemical Energy?

Answer 12

Energy absorbed as chemical bonds form, stored as they are maintained, and released as they are broken

Question 13

What is Kinetic Energy?

Answer 13

Energy that matter possesses because of its motion

Question 14

What is a Reactant?

Answer 14

One or more substances that enter into a chemical reaction

Question 15

What is a Product?

Answer 15

One or more substances produced by a chemical reaction

Question 16

What is Activation Energy?

Answer 16

The energy required to initiate a chemical reaction

Question 17

What is a Synthesis Reaction?

Answer 17

A reaction that combines substances to form a larger molecule (A + B → AB)

Question 18

What is Dehydration Synthesis?

Answer 18

Process where water is removed to build bonds

Question 19

What is a Decomposition Reaction?

Answer 19

Reaction that breaks down molecules (AB → A + B)

Question 20

What is Hydrolysis?

Answer 20

Process that uses water to break bonds

Question 21

What is an Exchange Reaction?

Answer 21

Combines synthesis and decomposition reactions

Question 22

What is an Exergonic Reaction?

Answer 22

Reaction that releases energy

Question 23

What is an Endergonic Reaction?

Answer 23

Reaction that requires energy

Question 24

List factors influencing the rate of chemical reactions

Answer 24

• Properties of the Reactants
• Temperature
• Concentration
• Pressure
• Catalyst

Question 25

What is Passive Transport?

Answer 25

Movement of substances with their concentration gradient; does not require energy

Question 26

What is Active Transport?

Answer 26

Movement of substances against a gradient that requires energy

Question 27

What is Osmosis?

Answer 27

Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from low to high solute concentration

Question 28

What is an Isotonic solution?

Answer 28

Solution concentration that is the same as a reference concentration

Question 29

What is a Hypotonic solution?

Answer 29

Solution concentration that is lower than a reference concentration

Question 30

What is a Hypertonic solution?

Answer 30

Solution concentration that is higher than a reference concentration

Question 31

What occurs during Transcription?

Answer 31

Process of producing mRNA from a gene in DNA

Question 32

What is the purpose of DNA Replication?

Answer 32

To copy DNA for cell division

Question 33

What is the outcome of Transcription?

Answer 33

Single-stranded mRNA

Question 34

What enzyme is involved in Transcription?

Answer 34

RNA polymerase

Question 35

What is the outcome of DNA Replication?

Answer 35

Two identical DNA molecules

Question 36

What is a Sister Chromatid?

Answer 36

One of a pair of identical chromosomes formed during DNA replication

Question 37

What is Mitosis?

Answer 37

Division of the nucleus

Question 38

What are the phases of Mitosis?

Answer 38

* Prophase * Metaphase * Anaphase * Telophase

Question 39

What is Cytokinesis?

Answer 39

Division of the cytoplasm

Question 40

What is a Checkpoint in the cell cycle?

Answer 40

Progress point where certain conditions must be met to proceed

Question 41

What are Tumor Suppressor Genes?

Answer 41

Genes that send stop signals to inhibit uncontrolled cell growth

Question 42

Define Unipotent stem cells

Answer 42

Committed to a single specialized cell type

Question 43

Define Multipotent stem cells

Answer 43

Able to differentiate into different types of cells within a small number of lineages

Question 44

What is Codominance in inheritance patterns?

Answer 44

Both alleles are expressed equally

Question 45

What is a Punnett Square?

Answer 45

Grid used to display possible combinations of alleles and predict genotype probabilities

Question 46

What is the role of Genetic Counselors?

Answer 46

Guide individuals and families in understanding genetic risks and testing options

Question 47

What are the two types of Testing Options for Chromosomal Disorders?

Answer 47

* Non-invasive * Invasive

Question 48

Fill in the blank: The process of producing a protein from mRNA is called _______.

Answer 48

[Translation]

Question 49

Fill in the blank: The enzyme that unwinds DNA during replication is _______.

Answer 49

[DNA helicase]

Question 50

Fill in the blank: The building blocks of proteins are _______.

Answer 50

[Amino Acids]

Question 51

True or False: Mitosis occurs during the S Phase of the cell cycle.

Answer 51

False

Question 52

True or False: A recessive lethal allele requires two copies to have a lethal effect.

Answer 52

True