cell phys test 2 Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
platelet activating factor
A
activates inflammatory cells
2
Q
oxytocin
A
hormone produced in hypothalamus necessary for milk production & uterine contractions
3
Q
ADH
A
hormone used for water balance
4
Q
creatine
A
energy production in muscle cells
5
Q
bradykinin
A
vasoactive substance
6
Q
angiotensin 2
A
vasoconstrictor
7
Q
where does synthesis of phospholipids for plasma membrane occur
A
smooth ER
8
Q
products generated during beta-oxidation of fatty acids in mitochondria
A
ACoA, NADH, & FADH2
9
Q
T/F the nucleus contains a double membrane
A
True
10
Q
chylomicrons
A
complexes of TAG, cholesterol, & lipoproteins
11
Q
ketone bodies
A
used as source of energy when body is low on CHO’s
produced by liver
12
Q
malate
A
produced under high levels of NADH
13
Q
2 main parts of lipids
A
hydrophobic tails/hydrophilic heads
14
Q
micelles
A
produced when lipids are introduced to water
15
Q
erythrocytes
A
can’t make phospholipids
16
Q
glycerol/alcohol
A
what phospholipids are made with
17
Q
glycosphingolipids
A
blood types A, B, & O
18
Q
prostaglandins/thromboxanes
A
used in inflammatory response
19
Q
T/F medicines like iBuprofen & Aspirin block the activity of enzymes cyclooxygenase 1, 2, or both to reduce levels of inflammatory mediators prostaglandin & thrombocin.
A
True
20
Q
cytokines
A
inhibits prostaglandins and thrombocins
21
Q
T/F prostaglandins stimulate cytokines to get a more local response
A
False
22
Q
T/F proteins are the MOST abundant molecules in living systems
A
True
23
Q
Genomic DNA; making new peptide chains
A
- genes code for specific protein
- transcription -> mRNA
- splicing removes introns
- information sent to cytosol
- translated by ribosomes
- RNA recognizes codons
- new peptide chains created
24
Q
peptide
A
amino acids linked by peptide bonds
- 50 amino acids or fewer ex) dipeptides, tripeptides, tetrapeptides
25
peptide bond
carboxyl group that is combined with amino group
26
give an example of vesicular transport
clostridium botulinum
27
name 2 domains of protein folding
ATPase
| peptide binding
28
cis-golgi
where protein phosphorylation takes place
29
trans-golgi
proteins are packed into vesicles and sent to specific delivery addresses
30
medial-golgi
modification of N-attached sugar chains of glycoproteins
31
name 2 types of Glykosylation
N-glykosylation
| O-glykosylation
32
N-glykosylation
puts sugar molecule in amino acid group
| starts in ER
33
O-glykosylation
puts sugar molecule in OH group
| starts in Golgi
34
cardiolipin
inner mitochondrial membrane
35
sphingomyelin
myelin nerve fibers
36
methionine
ALWAYS the first amino acid of a protein
37
T/F protein is made of 50 amino acids or more
True
38
atrial natriuretic peptide
produced in the heart essential for blood volume & pressure regulation, used to decrease sodium
39
N terminals
beginning of protein
40
C terminals
end of protein
41
T/F interactions between amino acids do NOT determine protein shape
False
42
name 3 ways to name an amino acid
1. three letter abbreviation (AUG)
2. whole name
3. one letter abbreviation (A)
43
cysteine
contains disulfide bonds
44
T/F you can hydroxylize amino acids to produce important biological molecules like neurotransmitters
True
45
tyrosine
hydroxylation synthesizes dopa, then decarboxylated to dopamine
46
histidine
hydroxylation synthesizes histamine which is used for allergic reactions
47
R groups of amino acids can be what? (4)
+ charged
- charged
polar
non polar
48
where are alpha amino acids found
in proteins
49
where are beta and gamma amino acids found
in the body, NOT in proteins
50
competitive inhibitor
binds to same site
reduces affinity
51
non-competitive inhibitor
binds aside the substrate
changes velocity
52
name the 2 control mechanisms of enzymes
1. gene expression (slow)
| 2. enzyme activity (rapid)
53
T/F substrate concentration can change enzyme activity, but only in range of Km.
True
54
allosteric enzyme
change of conformation
ex) Hemoglobin
55
homographic effector
when substrate serves as effector
56
hemoglobin shows what kind of shape when subunits cooperate in binding oxygen
sigmoidal
57
T/F hemoglobin keeps binding creating a lower affinity for oxygen
False
58
allosteric effects found in hemoglobin are caused by what
pH, pCO2, & [2,3 biphosphoglycerate]
59
T/F when bisphosphoglycerate binds to deoxyhemoglobin, it decreases affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
True
60
heterotrophic effector
end products that bind to enzyme and block reaction
used in negative feedback
61
covalent modifications
addition or removal of phosphate groups from specific amino acids
62
increase enzyme synthesis
induction
63
decrease enzyme synthesis
repression
64
cofactor
2 groups: metals & small organic molecules
65
coenzyme
tightly bound -> prosthetic group
| inactive precursor -> zymogen
66
T/F all enzymes talked about are made in the stomach, except pepsin which is made in the pancreas
False
67
collagen
major constituent of skin and bone
controlled by zymogen activation
68
caspases
enzymes that mediate apoptosis
69
T/F during cell damage enzyme levels are elevated
True
70
ALT & AST
CK
ALT & AST- made in liver
CK- produced in heart and muscle cells
71
heart damage
increases troponin levels
72
muscle damage
increases CK levels
73
T/F lipids are insoluble in water
True
74
emulsification of lipids
occurs in the duodenum
75
T/F lipids are a major source of energy for the body
True
76
lipids
found in compartmentalized form
major source of energy
increases surface area
77
bile acids
emulsify fat droplets
consists of: sterol ring and side chain
78
lipid digestion
starts in the stomach
CCK controls digestion of lipids
79
T/F short & medium chain FAs are reesterfied
False, they are directly released into portal circulation where they bind to albumin
80
Fatty Acids are used for (4)
energy- oxidation
energy reserve- TAG
structural components- plasma membrane
hormone precursors- prostaglandins
81
saturated lipids
no double bonds
82
unsaturated lipids
double bonds (more frequent in cis than trans)
83
T/F essential FAs can't be synthesized by the body
True
84
FA synthesis occurs where
cytosol of liver, mammary glands, adipose tissue
85
beta oxidation of FA
in mitochondria
| net energy gain
86
ketone bodies
source of energy
convert ACoA from FA oxidation
high amounts NADH shifts OAA to malate
87
phospholipid synthesis
smooth ER --> Golgi --> membranous organelles
88
glycerophospholipids
phosphatidic acid + alcohol
89
3 processes where enzymes are being used
fermentations
pharmaceuticals
biotransformations
90
T/F enzymes reduce the activation energy in order to get a chemical reaction started
True
91
T/F enzymes allow a reaction to proceed rapidly by providing alternate routes in the cell with lower activation energy
True
92
T/F enzymes are non-specific allowing for multiple reactions
False
93
enzyme
protein catalyst increasing velocity without being changed in the process
94
substrate
enzyme reactant
| ex) Glucose
95
oxidoreductase
one molecule oxidized, one molecule reduced
96
transferase
transfer C, N, or P containing groups
97
hydrolase
catalyze hydrolytic cleavage reaction
98
lyase
catalyze cleavage of C-C, C-N, & C-S bonds
99
isomerase
catalyze rearrangement of bonds
100
ligase
join together 2 molecules
101
polymerase
catalyze polymerization reaction such as synthesis of DNA//RNA
102
protease
break down protein by hydrolyzing bonds between AA
103
kinase
catalyze addition of phosphate groups to molecules
104
ATPase
hydrolyze ATP
105
synthase
synthesize molecules in anabolic reactions
106
active site
special pocket on enzymes having high specificity
107
holoenzymes
require cofactors, active (Cu2+, Fe2+)
108
T/F protein sorting is important to maintain compartmentalization
True
109
transition state
difference between catalyzed and uncatalyzed activation energy
110
Michaelis-Menten eqn
E + S --(k1)--> ES --(k2)--> E + P
111
Km
constant that reflects affinity for that enzyme's substrate
112
Km = ?
[S] when velocity reaches 1/2 Vmax
113
T/F RATE of reaction is DIRECTLY proportional to enzyme CONCENTRATION
True
114
T/F low [S] = first order
middle [S] = second order
high [S] = zero order
True
115
allosteric enzymes show what kind of curve? which indicates what?
sigmoidal; hemoglobin binding to oxygen
116
factors affecting reaction velocity (2)
temperature & pH
117
T/F optimal temperature for most mammalian enzymes is 35-40 Fahrenheit
False- celcius
118
inhibitor
any substance diminishing velocity of enzyme-catalyzed reaction (non-covalent bonds)
119
GABA
inhibitory neurotransmitter
120
difference between location of protein synthesis in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes: DNA to mRNA happens in nucleus, then RNA to protein happens in cytoplasm (splicing also occurs)
Prokaryotes: DNA to mRNA to protein occurs in cytoplasm
121
how many combinations of genetic codes are there
64
122
tRNA
adaptor combining AA & codons
123
ribosome
complex of proteins and RNAs
124
name ways a cell recognizes a protein's delivery address (3)
N-terminal sequences
C-terminal sequences
internal signals
125
ER synthesizes what 3 kinds of proteins
lysosomal
secretory
membrane
126
arrangement of membrane proteins, what are type 1 & type 2
type 1- (Ct in cytosol)
type 2- (Nt in cytosol)
proteins with several transmembrane domains
* 5'-3'
127
chaperon
heat stable proteins, high activity at high temperatures, are ATPases
128
T/F the folding cyclus doesn't require ATP
False
129
example of SNARES
synaptobrevin
130
nuclear transport signal
in middle of polypeptide chain
at least 5 basic AA
Receptor: Importin
131
folding patterns in secondary structure
alpha helix
beta sheets
beta bends
132
alpha helix
spiral structure
| ex) keratin
133
beta sheets
2 types: parallel and antiparallel
pleated structure
AA build hydrogen bonds
134
beta bends
reverse direction of polypeptide chain
globular shape
pralines are critical for shape
135
examples of AA that have been changed into misfolded/non functional
sickle cell anemia, alzheimer disease, enzyme deficiencies
136
type of FA reabsorbed in mixed micelles
long chain FA's
137
stimulates bile salt secretion
CCK
138
secondary structure of a protein is determined by
genome & interaction between AA's
139
O-Glycosylation takes place where
Golgi apparatus
140
T/F proteins for plasma membrane are translated from ribosomes located in the ER
True
141
T/F thyroid hormones are not found in proteins
True
