CELL PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards by sheryl tanora

classification of cells: ability to reproduce

labile
quiescent/stable
permanent/non dividing

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classification of cells: presence of membrane bound organelles

eukaryotes

prokaryotes

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substances that make up the cell

protoplasm

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contains DNA, histones and chromosomes, has nucleolus

Nucleus

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powerhouse of the cell

mitochondria

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involved in detoxification, lipid synthesis, lipid soluble substances, water soluble substances

agranular or smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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for synthesis of proteins bound for the cell membrane, lysosomes, outside of the cell

ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

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for synthesis of proteins bound for the cytoplasm and mitochondria

free floating ribosomes

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for packaging, molecular tagging and synthesis if hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate

Golgi apparatus

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replenishes the cell membrane may contain proemzymes NTs

secretory vesicles

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for reggression of tissues and autolysis, suicide bags of the cells

lysosomes

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degrade membrane associated proteins not membrane bound

proteosome

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contains oxidases catalases for detoxification

peroxisome

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what is the function of the nucleolus

site of transcription and processing of rRNA

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the ETC is located in which part of the mitochondria

inner mitochondrial membrane (oxidative phosphorylation)

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what is unique about the mitochondria

contains mitochondrial DNA that is maternally derived and does not follow the genetic code

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the RER and SER are abundant in which organ?

liver

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what are the subunits of the ribosomes

prokaryotes: 30s, 50s
eukaryotes: 40s, 60s

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what do you call the specialized SER in the skeletal muscle and specialized RER in the neuron

sarcoplasmic reticulum and nissl substance

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the only substance modified in the RER and not the golgi apparatus

collagen

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What is added to lysosome bound proteins in the golgi apparatus

mannose 6 phosphate

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lysosomes and peroxisomes comes from which organelles

lysosomes: golgi apparatus
peroxisome: SER

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wear and tear pigment that accumulates in the lysosome

lipofuscin

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actin/microfilaments

microvilli
locomotion of macrophages
muscles
zonula adherens
zonula occludens

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intermediate filaments

keratin neurofilaments desmosomes hemideosomes

microtubules

``` flagella cilia centrioles mitotic spindle intracellular vesicles ```

motor protein causing transport from center of the cell to the periphery

kinesin "kumakalat"

motor protein causing transport from periphery of the cell to the center

Dynein "dinadayo"

which anti-tumor drugs target the microtubules during mitosis?

Vincristine | Taxol

Disease with dynein missing in cilia and flagella

Kartageners syndrome or Immotile cilia syndrome situs inversus bronchiectasis infertility

what is the explanation for the situs inversus in Kartagener's syndrome

Defective primary cilia

amoeboid movement

WBCs fibroblasts germinal cells of the skin fertilized embryo

junctional complex: | disk shaped for firm intercellular adhesions

Macula adherens (desmosomes))

site of macula adherens

epithelium

junctional complex; ring shaped increases surface area for contact

Zonula adherens (fascia adherens)

site of zonula adherens

intercalated disk of cardiac muscles

junctional complex: | reticular pattern divides cell into apical and basolateral side

Zonula occludens (tight junctions)

site of leaky tight junctions

proximal convuluted tubule | jejunum

site of tight tight junctions

collecting ducts terminal colon blood brain barrier

junctional complex: for intercellular communication

Gap junctions

site of gap junctions

cardiac and unitary smooth muscle

What is the functional unit of gap junction?

Connexon

What do you call the movement of substances in both the apical and basolateral side?

Transcellular transport

What do you call the movement of substances between cells through tight junctions

Paracellular transport

cell membrane components

proteins 55% phospholipids 25% cholesterol 13% glycosylphospahtidylinositol

protein that has a tighter attachment and spans the entire cell membrane uses hydrophobic interactions

Integral proteins

protein that loose attachment by using interactions

Peripheral proteins

CM transporter: number or permeability can be modified

Water channels/aquaporins

CM transporter; ion channels

Na Ca K Cl

cell drinking | for proteins: requires ATP and extracellular calcium

Pinocytosis

cell eating | usually by wBCs and macrophages

Phagocytosis

predominant cation in the ECF

sodium

predominant cation in the ICF

potassium

predominant anion in the ICF

phosphate

predominant anion in the ECF

chloride

What is the principle of macroscopic electroneutrality

in each compartment total numbers of cations should equal total numbers of anions

What is the basis for the saying where sodium goes water follows

90% of the solutes in the ECF is Na making it a reasonable indicator if osmolarity

What are the various indicator molecules

TBW: deuterium oxide, antipyrine ECF: inulin, mannitol Plasma: I-labeled albumin 124

osmoles per kilogram of water independent of temperature

osmolality

osmoles per liter of water varies with temperature

osmolarity

increases osmolar gap

alcohol intoxication | ethylene glycol poisoning

uses impermeant solutes | can change cell volume

isotonic | hypertonic

uses permeant solutes can change cell volume only transiently

isoosmotic hyperosmotic hypoosmotic

will attract water to itself

hypertonic solution

will donate water to opposite compartment

hypotonic solution

example of an impermeant solute

glucose effective osmole

example of permeant solute

urea ineffective osmole

effective osmole used in th treatment of brain edema

mannitol

effect of permeant solutes on osmotic gradient

decreases osmotic gradient

osmotic pressure from large molecules such as proteins

oncotic pressure

weight of the volume of a solution divided by weight of equal volume of distilled water

specific gravity

Why is secondary active transport called as such

it indirectly relies on the Na-K-ATPase pump

what are the characteristics of active transport

saturation: Tm occurs once all transporters are used stereospecificity: recognizes D or L forms competition: chemically related solutes may compete

Ca-ATPase pump in the cell membrane

plasma membrane associated Ca ATPase (PMCA)

Ca-ATPase pump in the sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum

ATPase (SERCA)

function of the Na-K-ATPase pump

prevents cell swelling contributes to RMP

functional subunit by Na-K-ATPase pump inhibited by cardiac glycosides

alpha subunit

in all epithelial cells Na-K-ATPase pump is found in the basolateral side except

choroid plexus

why do RBCs swell when chilled

decrease ATP synthesis --> decreasw activity of Na-K-ATPase pump

CELL PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards

(79 cards)