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BRS Physio > Cell Physiology > Flashcards

Cell Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Channels that span the cell membrane

A

Integral protein - hydrophobic interactions

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2
Q

How peripheral proteins attach

A

electrostatic interactions

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3
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Zona Occludens

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4
Q

Attachment between cells that permit intercellular communication.

A

Gap Junction

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5
Q

Coupling between myocardial cells

A

Gap Junction

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6
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

not-carrier mediated, occurs down a chemical gradient

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7
Q

Equation to measure Flow

A

Flow = -permeabilityarea(Conc1-Conc2)

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8
Q

Factors that increase permeability

A

increase oil/water coefficient
decrease radius of solute
decrease membrane thickness

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9
Q

3 Characteristics of Carrier Mediated Transport

A

Stereospecificity, Saturation, Competition

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10
Q

Characteristics of Facilitated Diffusion (4)

A

Down an electrochemical gradient,
passive (doesn’t require metabolic energy),
more rapid than simple diffusion,
carrier-mediated so exhibits stereospecifity

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11
Q

Type of transport for glucose into muscle and adipose tissue

A

Facilitated diffusion because it goes “downhill” and it carrier mediated and is inhibited by sugar like galactose

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12
Q

Characteristics of Primary Active Transport

A

Against an electrochemical gradient
needs ATP to work
carrier-mediated (shows stereospecificity, saturation and competition)

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13
Q

drugs that inhibits Na/K - ATPase

A

ouabain and digitalis (cardiac glycoside drugs)

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14
Q

SERCA or Ca2+ ATPase is what type of transport?

A

Primary active transport

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15
Q

Gastric Parietal cells use which type of pump?

A

H/K-ATPase pump (primary active) to transport H+ into the stomach

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16
Q

Omeprazole inhibits what?

A

H/K-ATPase pump

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17
Q

Characteristics of Secondary Active Transport

A

Transport of 2 or more solutes
one of the solutes is transported downhill providing energy for the other solute to go uphil
metabolic energy is provided indirectly by Na gradient

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18
Q

Symport or Cotransport

A

solutes moving in the same direction, type of secondary active transport

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19
Q

Countertransport, exchange or antiport

A

solutes moving in opposite directions

Na-Ca exchange or Na-H exchange

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20
Q

Na-glucose cotransport in the small intestine and renal PT

A

Glucose is being transported uphill

Na is being transported downhill

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21
Q

concentration of osmotically active particles in a solution

A

osmolarity

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22
Q

Equation for osmolarity

A

osmolarity = (#particles in solution) * (concentration)

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23
Q

Flow of water across a semipermeable membrane from solution with low solute to high solute concentration

A

Osmosis

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24
Q

Eqtn for Osmotic Pressure

A 
pi = g*C*RT
pi is osmotic pressure
g is #particles in a solution
C is concentration
R is gas constant 0.082
T as absolution temp in K
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25
Q

When solute concentration increases, what happens to the osmotic pressure?

A

increases

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26
Q

osmotic pressure created by protein concentration

A

colloidosmotic oressure or oncotic pressure

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27
Q

Reflection coefficient closer to 1

A

solute is less permeable the closer it is to 1,

0 means the solute is completely permeale (urea)

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28
Q

Conductance of an ion channel is dependent on what

A

probability of the channel being open

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29
Q

These channels are opened or closed by changes in membrane potential

A

VGC

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30
Q

These channels are open or closed by bhromones, second messengers or NTs

A

Ligand-gated Channels

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31
Q

Nicotinic receptor for ACh is what type of channel?

A

LIgand-gated Channel

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32
Q

Potential difference generated across a membrane because of a concentration difference of an ion

A

diffusion potential

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33
Q

diffusion potential that exactly balances the tendency for diffusion caused by a concentration difference

A

equilibrium potential

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34
Q

This equation is used to calculate the equilibrium potential at a given concentration difference of a permeable ion across a cell membrane.

A

Nernst Equation

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35
Q

What is the Nernst Equation

A 
E = -2.3((RT)/(zF))log10 (conc ions inside/outside)
E is equilibrium potential
z is charge on ion
RT is usually 60mV at 37C
F was not explained in book
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36
Q

At rest, nerve membrane is more permeable to what ion?

A

K+

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37
Q

Depolarization

A

makes membrane potential less negative (interior of cell less negative)

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38
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Makes cell membrane potential more negative

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39
Q

Inward Current

A

Flow of positive charge into the cell, depolarizes the membrane

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40
Q

Outward current

A

Flow of positive charge out of the cell, hyperpolarizes the membrane

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41
Q

All-or-none

A

Action potential

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42
Q

Threshold

A

membrane potential at which AP is inevitable

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43
Q

At rest, Na+ channels are

A

Closed, Na conductance is therefore LOW

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44
Q

Upstroke of AP

A

Na channels open and more Na conductance than K+ (inward Na current)

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45
Q

These block voltage sensitive Na channels and abolish AP

A

Tetrodotoxin and lidocaine

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46
Q

Depolarization

A

slowly closes Na-gates, and slowly opens K-gates

outward K current

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47
Q

Period during which another AP cannot be elicited, no matter how large the stimulus

A

Absolute refractory period

this is because inactivation gates of NA channel are closed

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48
Q

AP can be elicited if larger than usual inward current is provided

A

Relative refractory period

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49
Q

Accommodation

A

Occurs when the cell memrbane is held at a depolarized level such that the threshold potential is passed without firing an AP
occurs because depolarization closes inactivation gates on Na channels
seen in hyperkalemia

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50
Q

spread of local currents to adjacent areas of membrane, which are then depolarized to threshold and generate Aps

A

Propagation of AP

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51
Q

Conduction velocity is increased with

A

increased fiber size, myelination

52
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

APs only generated at nodes of Ranvier (gaps in myeline sheath)

53
Q

Chemical Synapses

A

an AP in the presynaptic cell > Ca enters presynaptic terminal causing release of NT into synaptic cleft > NT into synaptic cleft > NT attaches postsynaptic mem > ions permeable on post synaptic cleft

54
Q

catalyzes Ach from CoA and choline in presynaptic terminal

A

Choline acetyltransferase

55
Q

uptake of this ion causes release of ACh into synaptic cleft

A

Calcium

56
Q

ACh binds muscle end plate (nicotinic receptors) to open what channels?

A

ligand gated channels to let Na in and K out

57
Q

smallest possible EPP

A

miniature end plate potential - these summate to prudce a full-fledge EPP

58
Q

Location of AChE

A

muscle end plate (post synaptic membrane)

59
Q

Action of Neostigmine

A

Inhibits AChE which prolongs and enhances action of ACh at muscle end plate

60
Q

Hemicholinium

A

blocks reuptake of choline into presynaptic terminal, depletes ACh stored from presynaptic terminal

61
Q

Curare

A

Competes with ACh at motor end plate thus decreasing size of EPP
Max dose = paralysis of respiratory muscles and death

62
Q

Botulinum Toxin

A

Blocks release of ACh from presynaptic terminals

63
Q

Antibodies to ACh receptor

A

Myasthenia Gravis - skeletal muscle weakness and fatigability

64
Q

Tx classification for Myasthenia Gravis

A

AChE inhibitors like neostigmine

65
Q

Inputs that depolarize a postsynaptic cell

A

Excitatory post synaptic potentials (EPSP)

they open Na and K channels

66
Q

Excitatory NTs

A

Ach, NE, epinephrine, dopamine, glutamate, and serotonin

67
Q

inputs that hyperpolarize that post synaptic cell

A

inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP)

they open Cl channels

68
Q

Inhibitory NTs

A

GABA and glycine

69
Q

when two excitatory inputs arrive at a postsynaptic neuron stimultaneously to produce a greater depolarization

A

spatial summation

70
Q

2 excitatory inputs that arrive at postsynaptic neuron in rapid succession. Add in stepwise fashion.

A

Temporal summation

71
Q

depolarization of postsynaptic neuron is greater than expected because greater than normal amounts of NT are released

A

Facilitation, augumentation, and post-tetanic potentiation

72
Q

Primary NT released from postganglionic sympathetic neurons

A

NE

73
Q

How NE is removed from synapse

A

MAO, COMT or by reuptake

74
Q

Increased Vanillylmandelic acid in urine

A

Pheochromocytoma

75
Q

phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase

A

enzyme to make NE into Epi

76
Q

NT prominent in midbrain neurons

A

Dopamine

77
Q

inhibitrs prolactin secretion

A

Dopamine

78
Q

dopamine-beta-hydroxylase

A

enzyme that converts DA into NE

79
Q

D1 receptors

A

activate adenylate cyclase via Gs protein

80
Q

D2 receptors

A

inhibit adenylate cyclse via Gi

81
Q

degeneration of D2

A

Parkinsons

82
Q

increased levels of D2 receptos

A

Schizophrenia

83
Q

NT high in the brain stem

A

Serotonin

84
Q

converted to melanin in pineal gland

A

Serotonin

85
Q

present in neurons of the hypothalamus

A

histamine

86
Q

most prevalent excitatory NT in the brain

A

glutamate

87
Q

GABA-A receptor

A

increases Cl conductance and is the site of action of benzodiazepines and barbituates

88
Q

GABA-B receptor

A

increased K conductance

89
Q

Inhibitory NT found primarily in the spinal cord and brain stem

A

Glycine

90
Q

short acting inhibitory NT in the GI tract, BVs and CNS

A

Nitric Oxide

91
Q

NO synthase

A

converts arginine to citrulline and NO

92
Q

A band

A

myosin, thick filament

93
Q

myosin heads bind

A

ATP and actin

94
Q

Permits cross-bridge formation when it binds Calcium

A

troponin

95
Q

TroponinT

A

attaches troponin complex to tropomyosin

96
Q

Troponin I

A

inhibits the interaction of actin and myosin

97
Q

Troponin C

A

calcium binding site for troponin, permits the interaction of actin and myosin

98
Q

H band

A

just thick filament (no thin filament with it)

99
Q

I band

A

just thin filament (no thick filament with it)

100
Q

Z line

A

attachment for thin filaments

101
Q

M line

A

attachment for thick filaments

102
Q

Voltage-sensitive protein of the T-tubule, located at jx of A and I bands

A

Dihydropyridine receptors

103
Q

site of calcium storage and release for EC coupling

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

104
Q

Ca-ATPase pump in SR

A

keeps the intracellular calcium low

105
Q

calsequestrin

A

keeps calcium loosely bound inside SR

106
Q

for calcium release from SR

A

Ryanodine receptor

107
Q

Cross bridge cycling steps

A
  1. no ATP bound to myosin and myosin is attached to actin
  2. ATP binds myosin and myosin releases actin
  3. myosin moves to + end of actin and ATP -> ADP
  4. Mysoin reattaches “powerstroke”
  5. ADP is release
108
Q

Muscle does not relax, can occur with too much calcium intracellularly

A

Tetanus

109
Q

No shortening of muscle, increase in tension

A

Isometric Contraction

110
Q

Load is held constant and muscle is shortened

A

Isotonic Contraction

111
Q

Tension developed by stretching the muscle to different lengths

A

Passive tension

112
Q

Active tension is proportional to

A

number of cross bridges formed

tension will be max when there is max overlap of thick and thin filaments

113
Q

Multi-unit smooth muscle

A

iris, ciliary muscle of lens, and vas deferens

114
Q

unitary (single-unit) smooth muscle

A

uterus, GI tract, ureter and bladder

115
Q

No troponin found in these muscles

A

Smooth Muscles

116
Q

myosin light-chain kinase

A

Smooth Muscles

117
Q

No striations

A

Smooth Muscles

118
Q

Striated Muscle

A

Skeletal Muscle and Cardiac Muscle

119
Q

Upstroke of AP in Skeletal Muscle

A

inward Na current

120
Q

Upstroke of AP in Smooth Muscle

A

inward Ca current

121
Q

Upstroke of AP for SA node

A

inward Ca current

122
Q

Upstroke AP for atria, ventricles, Purkinje

A

inward Na current

123
Q

Plateau in AP

A

Atria, Ventricles, Purkinje fibers - due to inwards calcium current

124
Q

Molecular basis for contraction in smooth muscle

A

calcium-calmodulin increase myosin light-chain kinase

125
Q

What’s turnt up mean?

A

the act of getting high or drunk to the highest degree

BRS Physio (7 decks)

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