Cell Processes

Question 1

What is the difference between multicellular and unicellular organisms?

Answer 1

Unicellular organisms are made of just one cell that does everything needed for life (like bacteria).
Multicellular organisms have many cells that work together, with each cell having a specific job (like animals and plants).

Question 2

What are the roles of Chloroplasts?

Answer 2

Chloroplasts help plants make food through photosynthesis by using sunlight to turn carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. They also produce energy and essential compounds for the plant.

Question 3

What are the two types of Metabolic reactions?

Answer 3

Anabolic Reactions: Build up molecules and require energy.
Catabolic Reactions: Break down molecules and release energy

Question 4

Describe the types of Active Transport and the types of Passive Transport, state if energy is required and how it moves along a concentration gradient

Answer 4

Active transport requires ATP (energy) and its types of transport are : active transport, endocytosis and exocytosis It Moves Against Concentration Gradient (low to high)
Passive transport does not reqire energy and its types of transport are: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
It moves with the concentration gradient (High to low)

Question 5

Outline active transport, endocytosis and exocytosis in Active transport processes

Answer 5

Active Transport: Moves molecules against the gradient using energy.
Endocytosis: Takes substances into the cell via membrane engulfing. Phagocytosis, cell eating large particles or cells are engulfed, Pinocytosis, cell drinking liquids or small particles are ingested
Exocytosis: Expels substances from the cell via vesicle fusion

Question 6

Outline diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis in passive transport processes?

Answer 6

Diffusion: Molecules move from high to low concentration until evenly distributed.
Facilitated Diffusion: Molecules move through specific transport proteins from high to low concentration.
Osmosis: Water moves across a membrane from low to high solute concentration.

Question 7

why does surface area to volume ratio effect exchange of materials across membranes?

Answer 7

Larger Surface Area: Increases the efficiency of material exchange across the membrane.
Smaller Volume: Reduces the distance substances need to travel inside the cell, enhancing exchange efficiency.

Question 8

why does concentration gradients effect the rate of transfer of material across a semi permeable membrane?

Answer 8

Greater Gradient: Faster transfer of materials due to a larger difference in concentration.
Lesser Gradient: Slower transfer because the concentration difference is smaller.

Question 9

What does hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic mean?

Answer 9

Hypertonic: Solution has more solutes; water moves out of the cell, causing it to shrink.
Hypotonic: Solution has fewer solutes; water moves into the cell, causing it to swell.
Isotonic: Solution has equal solute concentration; no net water movement, so the cell remains the same.

Question 10

what is photosynthesis? Include its chemical formular

Answer 10

photosynthesis is a biochemical process that uses light energy to synthesise organic compounds. It produces energy for use by the autotroph and for use later down the food chain.
Co2 + H2O = O2 + C6 H12 O6
6CO2 + 12H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

Question 11

Where do the chemical elements enter the plant during photosynthesis

Answer 11

Water + Nutrience = through the roots
CO2 = Through the stomata
Oxygen gas and Water Vapour = through stomata
Sunlight = Chloroplasts

Question 12

Outline light independant and light dependant phases through photosynthesis

Answer 12

Light-Dependent Reactions, location: Thylakoid membranes.
Process, Uses light to split water, produces oxygen, and makes energy carriers (ATP and NADPH).
Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle), location: Stroma.
Process: Uses ATP and NADPH to turn carbon dioxide into glucose.

Question 13

Describe Chlorophyll

Answer 13

Chlorophyll is a pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy, which is essential for driving the process of photosynthesis.

Question 14

outline the structure of a chloroplast

Answer 14

Enclosed by an evelop
Consists of two membranes
Separated by very narrow intermembrane space
membranes devide the interior of the chloroplast

Question 15

Name the compartments in a chloroplast

Answer 15

Thykaloid, flattened sacks that are then stacked into grana
the stroma (fluid) outside
the thylakoids.

Question 16

How can the rate of photosynthesis be affected?

Answer 16

Availability of Light: Increasing light intensity can enhance the rate of photosynthesis up to a certain point.
Carbon Dioxide Levels: Higher concentrations of carbon dioxide can boost the rate of photosynthesis, assuming light and temperature are also optimal.
Temperature: Photosynthesis rates increase with temperature to an optimal point, beyond which high temperatures can inhibit the process

Question 17

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 17

Cellular respiration is a biochemical process that metabolizes organic compounds to release usable energy in the form of ATP.

Question 18

In which locations within a cell does cellular respiration occur?

Answer 18

Cellular respiration occurs in the cytosol and the mitochondria.

Question 19

How does cellular respiration differ when it occurs aerobically versus anaerobically?

Answer 19

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces more ATP, while anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen and produces less ATP with varying byproducts depending on the organism.

Question 20

What are the products of anaerobic respiration in yeast?

Answer 20

The products of anaerobic respiration in yeast are ethanol and carbon dioxide.

Question 21

What are the products of anaerobic respiration in animals?

Answer 21

The products of anaerobic respiration in animals are lactic acid and ATP.

Question 22

What are the products of anaerobic respiration in bacteria?

Answer 22

The products of anaerobic respiration in bacteria can vary but may include substances like hydrogen gas, methane, or other organic acids depending on the type of bacteria.

Question 23

What is the balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration?

Answer 23

A: The balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O+ ATP

Question 24

Why is ATP important in cellular respiration?

Answer 24

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary energy carrier in cells, used to power various biological processes.

Question 25

What are the primary stages of aerobic respiration?

Answer 25

The primary stages of aerobic respiration are glycolysis, the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle), and the electron transport chain.

Question 26

Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?

Answer 26

Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol.

Question 27

Where do the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain occur in the cell?

Answer 27

The Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain occur in the mitochondria.

Question 28

What are some key differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Answer 28

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and yields more ATP, while anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen and yields less ATP with different byproducts.

Question 29

What is the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration?

Answer 29

Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, allowing the production of ATP.

Question 30

Can cellular respiration occur in the absence of oxygen?

Answer 30

Yes, cellular respiration can occur anaerobically in the absence of oxygen, but it produces less ATP and different byproducts compared to aerobic respiration.

Question 31

What is the overall purpose of cellular respiration?

Answer 31

The overall purpose of cellular respiration is to convert organic compounds into usable energy (ATP) for cellular activities.

Question 32

What factors can affect the rate of cellular respiration?

Answer 32

The rate of cellular respiration can be affected by the availability of oxygen, glucose, and temperature.

Question 33

How does the availability of oxygen influence the rate of cellular respiration?

Answer 33

The availability of oxygen affects the rate of cellular respiration because aerobic respiration requires oxygen to produce ATP efficiently. Limited oxygen reduces the rate of aerobic respiration and may lead to anaerobic respiration.

Question 34

How does the availability of glucose impact cellular respiration?

Answer 34

The availability of glucose influences cellular respiration by providing the essential substrate for glycolysis, which is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Question 35

How does temperature affect the rate of cellular respiration?

Answer 35

Temperature affects the rate of cellular respiration by influencing enzyme activity. Optimal temperatures increase the rate of respiration, while temperatures too high or too low can decrease enzyme efficiency and slow down the process.

Question 36

In what areas is current research focused regarding cellular respiration and photosynthesis?

Answer 36

Current research focuses on the production of food, beverages, and biofuels, as well as the breakdown of rubbish.

Question 37

How is cellular respiration controlled in the production of biofuels?

Answer 37

Cellular respiration is controlled in biofuel production to optimize the conversion of organic materials into biofuels by manipulating conditions such as oxygen levels and substrate availability.

Question 38

How does controlling cellular respiration and photosynthesis contribute to food and beverage production?

Answer 38

Controlling cellular respiration and photosynthesis helps optimize the fermentation processes in food and beverage production, improving yield and quality.

Question 39

What role does cellular respiration play in the breakdown of rubbish?

Answer 39

A: Cellular respiration plays a role in the breakdown of organic waste by decomposing materials through microbial activity, which helps in waste management and recycling processes.

Question 40

What is the significance of optimizing glucose availability in industrial applications?

Answer 40

Optimizing glucose availability is significant because it ensures efficient energy production and metabolic processes, improving the outcomes in industries like biofuel production and fermentation.

Question 41

What factors influence biochemical processes in a cell?

Answer 41

The nature and arrangement of internal membranes and the presence of specific enzymes.

Question 42

How do internal membranes impact biochemical processes?

Answer 42

Internal membranes compartmentalize the cell, allowing specialized environments for different biochemical processes.

Question 43

Name four factors that control enzyme function.

Answer 43

Temperature, pH, presence of inhibitors, and concentration of reactants.

Question 44

How does temperature affect enzyme activity?

Answer 44

Temperature affects enzyme activity by altering enzyme structure, increases kinetic energy each enzyme has an optimal temperature range for activity.

Question 45

What is the effect of pH on enzyme activity?

Answer 45

pH can affect enzyme activity by changing the enzyme’s charge and shape, impacting its ability to bind to substrates.

Question 46

What are enzyme inhibitors, and what types exist?

Answer 46

Enzyme inhibitors are molecules that decrease enzyme activity; they can be competitive or non-competitive.

Question 47

Briefly describe the lock and key model of enzyme function.

Answer 47

The lock and key model suggests that the enzyme's active site is a specific shape that exactly fits the substrate.

Question 48

How does the induced-fit model differ from the lock and key model?

Answer 48

The induced-fit model proposes that the enzyme's active site changes shape to better fit the substrate after binding.

Question 49

Why is the concentration of reactants important for enzyme function?

Answer 49

Higher concentrations of reactants increase the likelihood of enzyme-substrate collisions, boosting reaction rates.

Question 50

What do cells require to survive?

Answer 50

Cells require energy inputs (like light energy or chemical energy in complex molecules), matter (including gases, simple nutrients, and ions), and the removal of wastes.

Question 51

What does metabolism describe?

Answer 51

Metabolism describes the sum total of the physical and chemical processes by which cell components transform matter and energy needed to sustain life.

Question 52

How are biological molecules synthesized?

Answer 52

Biological molecules are synthesized from monomers to produce complex structures, including carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.

Question 53

What types of energy inputs can cells use?

Answer 53

Cells can use light energy or chemical energy in complex molecules as energy inputs.

Question 54

What types of matter are necessary for cells to survive?

Answer 54

Cells need gases, simple nutrients, and ions as types of matter to survive.

Question 55

What role does metabolism play in cells?

Answer 55

Answer: Metabolism is crucial for transforming matter and energy to sustain life through physical and chemical processes.

Question 56

What are some examples of complex biological structures synthesized from monomers?

Answer 56

Examples include carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.

Question 57

What is cellular metabolism, and what does it involve?

Answer 57

Cellular metabolism is the combination of all chemical pathways in an organism, involving the transformation of matter and energy.

Question 58

What are the essential energy and matter inputs for living organisms?

Answer 58

Essential inputs include energy (such as light energy or chemical energy in complex molecules) and matter (including gases, simple nutrients, and ions).

Question 59

Question: Summarize the four types of biomacromolecules by their monomers, functions, and sources.

Answer 59

Carbohydrates Monomers: Monosaccharides Functions: Energy source, structural support Sources: Plants, fruits, grains Proteins Monomers: Amino acids Functions: Enzymes, structural components, signaling Sources: Meat, beans, nuts Lipids Monomers: Fatty acids and glycerol Functions: Energy storage, cell membrane structure, signaling Sources: Oils, fats, avocados Nucleic acids Monomers: Nucleotides Functions: Genetic information storage and transfer Sources: All living cells

Question 60

What are the key components of the fluid mosaic model?

Answer 60

Phospholipid Bilayer: The fundamental structure consisting of two layers of phospholipids. Proteins: Embedded within or attached to the phospholipid bilayer, including integral and peripheral proteins. Cholesterol: Embedded among the phospholipids, contributing to membrane fluidity. Carbohydrates: Attached to proteins (glycoproteins) or lipids (glycolipids) on the extracellular surface of the membrane.

Question 61

How does the phospholipid bilayer contribute to the fluid mosaic model?

Answer 61

The phospholipid bilayer provides the basic structural framework of the membrane, with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward, creating a semi-permeable barrier.

Question 62

What role do membrane proteins play in the fluid mosaic model?

Answer 62

Membrane proteins facilitate various functions including transport (channel and carrier proteins), signaling (receptor proteins), and maintaining cell structure (cytoskeletal proteins).

Question 63

How does cholesterol affect the fluid mosaic model?

Answer 63

Cholesterol stabilizes the membrane's fluidity, making it less permeable to very small water-soluble molecules and preventing the fatty acids from sticking together.

Question 64

What are glycoproteins and glycolipids, and what is their function?

Answer 64

Glycoproteins and glycolipids are carbohydrates attached to proteins and lipids, respectively. They play key roles in cell recognition, signaling, and adhesion.