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ib biology 22-23 > cell quiz 1.1-1.2 > Flashcards

cell quiz 1.1-1.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

unicellular organisms

A

single celled, carry out all the functions of life independently

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2
Q

multicellular organisms

A

have specialized cells to carry out specific functions

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3
Q

organelles

A

specialized structures within the cell, carry out different functions, cannot survive alone

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4
Q

cells come from existing cells

A

cells multiple through division (mitosis-> identical diploid daughter cells, meiosis-> haploid gametes)

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5
Q

functions of life

A

nutrition
growth
response
excretion
metabolism
homeostasis
reproduction

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6
Q

smallest to largest

A

small molecule, virus, bacterium, animal cell, plant cell

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7
Q

plasma membrane is…

A

the surface of exchange for materials btwn the inside (oxygen, nutrients, water) and outside (co2, waste, products/proteins) of the cell

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8
Q

why does the surface area to volume ratio limit the size of a cell?

A
  • as the cell gets larger –> requires more resources to be imported + exported –> large volume requires more exchange across the membrane
  • as the cell gets larger –> SA to volume ratio gets smaller –> exchange processes become less efficient with increasing size
  • by dividing to make smaller cells, exchange processes across the membranes can be kept high, shorter diffusion paths, more surfaces for reactions, easier removal of heat + waste
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9
Q

diffusion pathways are

A

shorter + more efficient with a larger SA to volume ratio bc molecules do not have to travel far to get in/out of cell

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10
Q

folded structures

A

maximize SA to volume ratio for exchange of materials

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11
Q

scanning electron microscopes

A

high-resolution 3D surface images

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12
Q

transmission electron microscopes

A

view of inside of cells and organisms

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13
Q

actual size =

A

measured length/magnification

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14
Q

magnification =

A

measured length/ actual size or drawing bar/scale bar

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15
Q

field of view at 4x, 10x, 40x

A

4 mm, 2 mm, 0.4 mm

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16
Q

calculating field of view

A

fov1 x magnification 1 = fov2 x magnification 2

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17
Q

importance of surface area to volume ration as a factor of limiting cell size

A
  • small cells have larger ratio, ratio decreases as size increases
  • SA/membrane must be large enough to absorb substances needed and excrete waste products
  • need for materials is determined by cell volume
    cells divide when they reach a certain size
  • diffusion
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18
Q

prokaryotes

A

before nucleus, evolutionary precursor to eukaryotes

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19
Q

flagella

A

propels cell

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20
Q

fimbriae/pilli

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A

appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface

21
Q

cell wall

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A

rigid structure that surrounds, supports, protects cell

22
Q

plasma membrane

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A

acts as a selective barrier, allowing oxygen, nutrients, wastes

23
Q

ribosome

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A

site of protein synthesis

24
Q

nucleoid

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A

contains genes that control the cell

25
binary fission
primary method of reproduction for prokaryotes, asexual reproduction, doesn't increase variation in population
26
conjugation
prokaryotes exchange plasma DNA through pilli
27
evidence of endosymbiotic theory (evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes)
Membranes - some organelles have double membranes (outer membrane may be vesicular in origin) Antibiotics - susceptible to antibiotics (indicates organelles have bacterial origins) Division - reproduction occurs via fission-like process DNA - has own DNA which is naked and circular (like prokaryotic DNA structure) Ribosomes - 70S in size (identical to prokaryotic)
28
totipotent
can differentiate into any cell type
29
pluripotent
can differentiate into many types of cell
30
multipotent
can differentiate into a few closely related typed of cell
31
unipotent
can regenerate into a another accoi
32
stargardt's disease
Early vision loss usually leading to blindness due to a gene mutation Retinal pigment epithelial stem cells can be used to regenerate and support function of the eye’s light sensitive cells that have been damaged
33
prokaryotic vs eukaryotic
- DNA in ring form without protein | DNA with proteins (chromosomes/chromatin) - DNA free in cytoplasm (nucleoid region) | DNA enclosed within a nuclear envelope (nucleus) - no mitochondria | mitochondria - 70S ribosomes | 80S ribosomes - no membrane bound organelles | membrane bound organelles
34
types of eukaryotes
protista (unicellular, or multicellular with specialized tissue) fungi plantae animalia
35
nucleus
- double membrane, continuos with ER - contains DNA and proteins (genetic info), DNA wound around proteins organized into chromosomes - pores allow mRNA + rRNA to pass through - nucleolus makes ribosomes
36
ribosomes
no membrane bound, site of protein synthesis, made of rRNA + protein, soe atached to ER, some are free
37
proteins on bound ribosomes
secreted out of cell
38
proteins on free ribosomes
used inside cell
39
endoplasmic reticulum
smooth: no ribosomes, has enzymes embedded in the membrane, synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons, stored Ca++ in muscle cells rough: ribosomes, synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins, make membrane proteins and phospholipids that make up its own membrane
40
golgi apparatus
- flattened membranous sacs - proteins + phosphos modified - products leave vesicles, these can go other places in the cell or to the membrane for secretion - products from ER chemically tagged and sorted to go into the right places
41
lysosome
- membranous sac with digestive enzymes (hydrolytic) - intracellular digestion of macromolecules - recycling of damaged organelles called autophagy
42
mitochondria
cellular respiration
43
vacuoles
- hydrolytic enzymes - plant, fungi, protista - food vacuoles store food - contractile vacuoles in protists control water and salts - plants have central vacuole that gives internal support, stores organic molecules, pigments, poisons
44
chloroplast
photosynthesis
45
cell wall
plant cell
46
carbohydrate storage
animal - glycogen plant - starch
47
chloroplasts
plant cells that photosynthesize
48
vacuole
animal - small if present at all plant - large, fluid filled vacuoles
49
centrioles
animal cell - in a small centrosome ares

ib biology 22-23 (1 decks)

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