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Human Biology Year 12 > Cell Replacement therapy > Flashcards

Flashcards in Cell Replacement therapy Deck (18)
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1
Q

What is cell replacement therapy?

A

Is the process of replacing damaged cells with stem cells that can differentiate into specialised cells. It is a potential treatment for any disorder involving the loss, of, or injury to normal cells.

2
Q

What are the 3 types of stem cells?

A
  1. Totipotent stem cells
  2. Pluripotent stem cells
  3. Multipotent stem cells
3
Q

What are totipotent stem cells?

A

Have the ability to form the embryo and the membranes that will surround, support and nourish it.

4
Q

What are pluripotent stem cells?

A

Are capable of giving rise to most, but not all, tissue of an organism.

5
Q

What are multipotent stem cells?

A

Are able to give rise to cells that have a specific function.

6
Q

What neurogenerative diseases can cell replacement therapy be used to combat?

A
  • Parkinson’s disease
  • Alzheimers disease
7
Q

What is/what is the cause of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Results from damage to the nerve cells that produce dopamine, a chemical that is vital for the smooth control of muscles and movements.

8
Q

What are the 4 symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

A
  1. Shaking
  2. Muscle stiffness
  3. Slow movements
  4. Posture and balance problems
9
Q

When does Parkinson’s disease usually develop?

A

After 65 years of age.

10
Q

What is/what is the cause of Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Is characterised by changes in the brain that leave deposits of proteins and cause loss of connections between neurons.

11
Q

What are 4 symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease?

A
  1. loss of memory
  2. impaired reasoning
  3. judgment and decision-making skills
  4. changes in personality and behaviour
12
Q

How can cell replacement therapy be used against degenerative diseases such as Parkinsons’ disease?

A

There is the potential to grow stem cells into new neurons to replace damaged cells to improve the quality of life. Brain cells from human foetuses can be transplanted into people with Parkinson’s disease and the use of embryonic stem cells not only survive but also establish connections with adjacent neurons.

13
Q

How can cell replacement therapy be used against neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease?

A

There is the potential to grow stem cells into new neurons to replace damaged cells to improve the quality of life. Scientists can make dopamine-producing neurons from human stem cells.

14
Q

What is tissue engineering?

A

The primary objective is to restore healthy tissues or organs for patients and eliminate the need for tissue or organ transplants or artificial transplants. It reduces the risk of rejection as the patient’s own cells are used.

15
Q

Why are stem cells used in cell replacement therapy and tissue engineering?

A

They are used due to their ability to multiply and differentiate.

16
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Undifferentiated cells that undergo mitotic divisions and under conditions can differentiate into specialised cells.

17
Q

Why does tissue engineering utilise a scaffold to grow on?

A

It is a natural or synthetic material to produce 3-dimensional tissue. They serve as a template for tissue growth and need to have large pore sizes that enable cells to grow while allowing the diffusion of nutrients throughout the whole structure.

18
Q

Why do tissue scaffolds need to be biodegradable?

A

So they can be absorbed by surrounding tissues without having to be surgically removed.

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