cell reproduction

Question 1

4 main stages of cell cycle

Answer 1

G1 (gap 1) phase, S phase (synthesis), G2 (gap 2) phase, M phase (mitosis)

Question 2

what occurs in G1 phase

Answer 2

cell does its normal function, cell grows/increases size, organelles increase in #, cell undergoes checkpoints to make sure it is ready for next stage, preps to replicate DNA

Question 3

what occurs in S phase

Answer 3

a full copy of DNA is being made

Question 4

what occurs in G2

Answer 4

norm func, growth, checkpoints to make sure everything is in order, preps for division

Question 5

what occurs in M phase

Answer 5

division of cell nucleus separating DNA (mitosis), division of cytoplasm (cytokinesis), M phase is NOT the actual phase of mitosis

Question 6

when is a cell regulated during the cycle

Answer 6

G1-S checkpoint, G2 -M checkpoint

Question 7

what is the importance of cell cycle checkpoints

Answer 7

highly regulates cell life cycle

Question 8

what happens if a cell is not checked/regulated?

Answer 8

it can lead to uncontrolled cell division, too many/few cells, that can lead to the development of a tumor/wart (too many) or hair loss(too few)

Question 9

what is a chromosome

Answer 9

package of DNA, has centromere and chromatids

Question 10

why do cells need to divide

Answer 10

for growth, development, reproduction, and repair of damaged tissues to replace old/dying cells

Question 11

4 phases of mitosis

Answer 11

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Question 12

purpose of mitosis

Answer 12

for growth (mainly in children) and in response to injuries or cell death

Question 13

what cells are produced from mitosis

Answer 13

2 identical daughter cells

Question 14

what occurs during cytokinesis

Answer 14

division of cytoplasm, begins during end of anaphase and finishes during telophase/mitosis, two identical daughter cells are made

Question 15

What is the difference between cytokinesis in plants and animals

Answer 15

animal- membrane pinches closed like a drawstring
Plant-cell plate forms, cells cannot pinch inward due to cell wall

Question 16

what are regulatory checkpoints

Answer 16

molecular and physical checkpoints

Question 17

how is a cell at rest identified in the cell cycle?

Answer 17

Interphase

Question 18

what is the importance of cell cycle checkpoints

Answer 18

Makes sure everything is in order, makes sure cells meet certain criterias

Question 19

What happens if there are mutations in the proteins that control these proteins

Answer 19

loss of inhibition, loss of function, development of cancer/tumors

Question 20

what is cancer and how does it relate to cells

Answer 20

cancer is uncontrolled division of calls, results from an improperly regulated cell cycle, too much cell division or too little cell death

Question 21

what are features of a cancer cells that are different than healthy cells

Answer 21

cancer cells- resistant to cell death (apoptosis), divide uncontrollably, irregular shape
healthy- divide and die regularly, all have similar shape

Question 22

how does the rate of cell division in healthy cells compare to cancer cells

Answer 22

cancer cells have uncontrollable cell division, leading to too few/many cells. healthy cells only divide when they receive signals

Question 23

purpose of the M phase in a cell cycle, why do cells need to divide

Answer 23

division of nucleus (mit) and cytoplasm (cytoken), cells need to divide for growth and repair based on what the body needs

Question 24

why do cells undergo apoptosis

Answer 24

eliminates unnecessary cells during development, removes unhealthy/damaged cells in mature organism

Question 25

function of cell cycle regulators

Answer 25

molecular signals that may stimulate/halt cell division, instructs cells to differentiate, initiates cell death

Question 26

Interphase

Answer 26

Time during which cell grows and matures. Consists of Gap 1, Synthesis, and Gap 2 stages

Question 27

prophase

Answer 27

Nuclear membrane disappears. Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes

Question 28

metaphase

Answer 28

Chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell

Question 29

anaphase

Answer 29

Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell

Question 30

telophase

Answer 30

Nuclear membrane forms around each full set of chromosomes. Chromosomes become chromatin

Question 31

cytokinesis

Answer 31

Cytoplasm divides resulting in formation of two daughter cells

Question 32

mitosis stages in order

Answer 32

PMAT, cytokinesis

Question 33

what are chromosomes made up of

Answer 33

chromatin

Question 34

why is it important cells duplicate DNA before cell division

Answer 34

so each new cell gets a full set of DNA

Question 35

if 15 chromosomes (2 chromatids with centromere) split, at the end of cytokinesis how many chromosomes are in each cell

Answer 35

15

Question 36

what are the 2 type of genes associated with each of the cell cycle regulators

Answer 36

proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes

Question 37

what are the mutated version of proto-oncogenes? what do they do

Answer 37

oncogenes- increases stimulated movement in a cell, leads to uncontrollable cell divison

Question 38

what do mutated tumor suppressor genes do?

Answer 38

loss of inhibition, increasing movement and uncontrollable cell division