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PHYSIO > Cell Signaling > Flashcards

Cell Signaling Flashcards

1
Q

2 ways cells communicate

A

Direct communication
Though extracellular signaling molecules (neurotransmitters & hormones)

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2
Q

Junctions in direct cell to cell communication

A

Gap Junction
Adherent and tight junctions

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3
Q

Molecules diffuse from cytoplasm of a cell to another. Connects cell to cell and transports ions and molecules from a cell to another.

A

Gap junctions

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4
Q

Junction that’s main function is tissue organization during organ development and remodeling.

Hold tissues together.

A

Adherent and tight junction

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5
Q

Type of signaling molecules that require direct contact for a response to occur.

A

Juxtacrine/contact-dependent signaling molecule

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6
Q

Example of contact dependent molecule

A

Immune cells

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7
Q

Signaling molecules that attaches to nearby target cell.

A

Paracrine

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8
Q

Signaling molecule that produce signal for itself.

A

Autocrine

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9
Q

Signaling molecules that attaches to distant target cells via bloodstream.

A

Endocrine

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10
Q

Special signaling molecules of nervous system. Aids in contraction of muscles.

A

Synaptic molecules

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11
Q

When a signaling mol. And receptor binds, it changes the intracellular signaling = affects target cells and its function. T/F

A

T

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12
Q

Signaling molecules are NOT static. T/F

A

T because it can be sensitized or desensitized

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13
Q

6 steps of signaling molecules

A

RTT - MRT

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14
Q

Signaling molecule binds to specific receptor

A

Recognition

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15
Q

Specific signaling molecule will attach to & cause reaction in specific
receptor proteins

A

Recognition

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16
Q

Extracellular signal is transformed into an intracellular signal (

A

Transduction

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17
Q

Aka second messanger

A

Intracellular signal

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18
Q

First messanger

A

Ligand

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19
Q

Intracellular signal & second messengers are transmitted to effector/target proteins

A

Transmission

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20
Q

Effector protein is enhanced/modified, usually by kinases/phosphatases

A

Modulation

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21
Q

Kinases

A

add phosphate to protein: phosphorylation

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22
Q

Enzyme that remove phosphate from protein: dephosphorylation

A

Phosphatase

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23
Q

Summation & integration of input from multiple pathways

A

Response

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24
Q

○ Involves feedback mechanisms that may act at any level of signaling
pathway

A

Termination

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25
Q

Signaling does not proceed indefinitely. It has to stop sometime. T/F

A

T

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26
Q

Transduces chemical signal into electrical signal
Membrane/cell surface receptors

A

LIGAND-GATED ION CHANNELS

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27
Q

AKA “seven-transmembrane receptors” or “serpentine receptors” d/t
crossing membrane 7x

A

G-PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTORS

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28
Q

GPCRs are coupled to _____________ proteins (w/ 3 sub-units: alpha,
beta, gamma)

A

Heterotrimeric G protein

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29
Q

G protein + GTP = active or inactive

A

Active

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30
Q

G protein w/o GTP = active or inactive

A

Inactive

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31
Q

Problems and solutions of using GPCR

A

Problems
○ Too unstable to isolate & purify 📋
○ Lose their highly organized structure & activity once removed from cell

Solutions
Stabilize recepto gcpr (STAR)

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32
Q

How does star solve the problem of GPCR?

A

Increases its thermostability

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33
Q

Receptors that function as enzymes or are directly associated with
enzymes:

A

ENZYME-LINKED RECEPTORS

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34
Q

Acted on mainly by hydrophobic molecules (e.g. steroid hormones, thyroid
hormones, vitamin D)

A

NUCLEAR RECEPTORS

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35
Q

Where can NUCLEAR RECEPTORS be found?

A

Cytoplasm and nucleus

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36
Q

multiple pathways simultaneously interacting is possible. T/F

A

T

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37
Q

one signaling molecule can cause many intracellular events

A

Amplification:

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38
Q

due to interacting/network of pathways

A

Integration

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39
Q

signals can modify what happens in signal transduction pathway

A

Downregulation/Desensitization:

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40
Q

Scaffolding protein

A

helps keep enzymes together in one place

41
Q

Bifurcate proteins

A

for signal to go to different pathways

42
Q

Ions can become a secondary messenger. T/F

A

T

43
Q

Ca2+ regulates many physiological processes. T/F

A

T

44
Q

GTPases is activated by what enzyme

A

GAP (GTPases activating protein)

45
Q

GTPases is deactivated by what enzyme

A

GEF (Guanine nucleotide exchange protein)

46
Q

GAP activates GTP hydrolysis. T/F

A

T

47
Q

More GAP promotes _______ G proteins.

A

Inactivation

48
Q

More GEF _________ G proteins

A

Activates

49
Q

2 types of G protein

A

Monomeric
Heterotrimeric

50
Q

5 families of monomeric

A

Ras, rho, rab, ran, arf

51
Q

Central to many enzyme-linked receptor pathways

A

Monomeric G proteins

52
Q

Regulate multiple cell functions:
→Cytoskeletal organization
→Vesicular transport
→Gene expression
→Apoptosis

A

Monomeric G proteins

53
Q

■ Coupled to GPCR (serpentine receptors)
■ Composed of 3 subunits α, β, & γ

A

Heterotrimeric G proteins

54
Q

converts ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP)

A

G proteins and Adenylyl Cyclase:

55
Q

cAMP activates _______

A

Protein kinase A (PKA)

56
Q

Function of PKA

A

activate cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB
Acts as an effector protein in the cytosol

57
Q

converts phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) to inositol triphosphate (IP3) & diacylglycerol (DAG)

A

G protein and phospholipase C

58
Q

activates a Ca2+ channel in endoplasmic reticulum

A

IP3

59
Q

DAG activates ________

A

PKC

60
Q

releases arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids

A

Phospholipase A2

61
Q

Arachidonic acid can be further converted to ________

A

Eicosanoids (prostaglandins, thromboxanes, & leukotrienes)

62
Q

breaks down cAMP & cGMP to AMP & GMP
○ Helps reverse or terminate action of cAMP & cGMP

A

G protein and Phosphodeisterases

63
Q

it converts GTP to cGMP which will perform other functions inside cell

A

Enzyme linked Receptor: Receptor Guanine cyclase

64
Q

ANP receptor, NO receptor

A

Guanine cyclase receptor

65
Q

Ligand binds to Type II subunit, which phosphorylates Type I subunit

A

Receptor Serine/Threonine Kinases

66
Q

TGF-β receptor (Transforming growth factor)

A

Receptor Serine/Threonine Kinases:

67
Q

Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) receptors, Insulin receptors

A

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs):

68
Q

Steps in RTKs

A

2 ligand bind to receptor
Dimerization
Autophosphorylation
Activated Ras + kinases = MAP
MAP alters gene expression

69
Q

Some RTKs are tetrameric (e.g. insulin receptor). T/F

A

T

70
Q

No intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity but closely associated with tyrosine
kinases

A

Tyrosine Kinase-Associated Receptors:

71
Q

JAKS will phosphorylate ___________, which will move to nucleus to affect gene expression

A

STAT

72
Q

Act toaffect gene transcription allowing Tyrosine Kinase-Associated
Receptors to alter gene transcription

A

Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT)

73
Q

Dephosphorylates tyrosine residues phosphorylated by tyrosine kinase

A

Receptor Tyrosine Phosphatases:

74
Q

Example of RTP

A

CD45 protein

75
Q

Examples of TKAR

A

Cytokine receptor, Growth hormone receptor

76
Q

What receptor is MAP located

A

RTK

77
Q

What receptor is JAk and STAT located

A

TKAR

78
Q

Receptors found intracellularly
Nuclear receptors may also suppress or enhance transcription

A

Nuclear receptor

79
Q

early primary response

A

30 mins

80
Q

delayed secondary response

A

Hours to days

81
Q

Which of the five mechanisms of cell signaling sends signals to
target cells that are closeby or nearby?
a. Synaptic
b. Autocrine
c. Paracrine
d. Endocrine

A

C

82
Q

A drug that is designed to bind to an intracellular receptor would
most likely have this effect:
a. Activate G proteins
b. Convert ATP to cAMP
c. Alter gene transcription
d. Open ion channels

A

C

83
Q

Which of the following occurs as part of the G protein &
phospholipase C pathway?
a. Conversion of cAMP to AMP and cGMP to GMP
b. Activation of protein kinase C and a Ca2+ channel by DAG and IP3 respectively
c. Activation of PIP2 by IP3 to phosphorylate protein kinaseA
d. Stimulation of gene transcription by cAMP response
element binding protein

A

B

84
Q

Associate the following molecules with its signal transduction
pathway:

Calcium

A

G protein and phospholipase C ; IP3

85
Q

Associate the following molecules with its signal transduction
pathway:

RAS & MAP

A

Enzyme linked; RTK

86
Q

Associate the following molecules with its signal transduction
pathway:

JAK-STAT

A

Enzyme linked; TKAR

87
Q

Associate the following molecules with its signal transduction
pathway:

DAG & IP3

A

G protein and phospholipase C

88
Q

Associate the following molecules with its signal transduction
pathway:

PKC

A

GCPR; phospholipase C; DAG

89
Q

Associate the following molecules with its signal transduction
pathway:

CREB

A

GPCR; Adenylyl cyclase; PKA

90
Q

An inflammatory response that involves cytokines and steroid
hormones was initiated. Which of the following events would most
likely occur in the cell due to these ligands?

a. Alteration of gene transcription by MAPK and cAMP response element binding protein
b. Signal propagation due to opening of Na+ channels andCa2+ channels
c. Signal propagation due to dissociation of the G α, from
the G βγ complex
d. Alteration of gene transcription by STAT and
hormone-receptor complexes

A

D

91
Q

A receptor that activates the Ras protein can most likely be
classified under which type of receptor?

a. Enzyme-linked receptor
b. Nuclear receptor
c. G-protein coupled receptor
d. Ligand-gated ion channe

A

A

92
Q

Which of the following occurs as part of the tyrosine kinase-associated receptor pathway?

a. Translocation of MAP kinase to the nucleus to stimulate gene transcription
b. STAT proteins phosphorylate JAKs, which will activate PKA and MAP kinase
c. Janus kinases phosphorylate STAT proteins, which then affect gene transcription
d. MAP kinases activate Ras and Raf, which will cause receptor dimerization
e. Receptor dimerization, leading to activation of enzymes that generate cGMP

A

C

93
Q

What receptor type are MasR and AT1R?

a. Ligand-gated ion channel
b. GPCR
c. Enzyme-linked
d. Nuclear

A

B

94
Q

IL-6 binds to which type of receptor?

a. Ligand-gated ion channel
b. GPCR
c. Enzyme-linked
d. Nuclear

A

C

95
Q

AT1R is associated with Phospholipase C. What is part of its
mechanism of action?

a. Activate phosphodiesterases
b. Increase Ca2+ and activate PKC
c. Increase cAMP and activate PKA
d. Increase IP3 and decrease DAG
e. Release arachidonic acid

A

B

96
Q

IL-6 binds to which type of enzyme-linked receptor?

a. Receptor guanylyl cyclase
b. Receptor serine/threonine kinase
c. Receptor tyrosine kinase
d. Tyrosine-kinase associated receptor
e. Receptor tyrosine phosphatase

A

D

97
Q

Which statement is FALSE about cell signaling?

a. Different signaling pathways may interact with each other.
b. Signaling molecules and receptors exhibit specificity.
c. Kinases and phosphatases alter protein function.
d. “Transduction” refers to the alteration of gene expression.
e. No answer

A

D

98
Q

Purpose of pathways

A

Amplification
Regulation
Specific & coordinated response

PHYSIO (3 decks)

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