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Integrative Physiology > Cell Signaling > Flashcards

Cell Signaling Flashcards

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1
Q

mass balance in the body

A

mass balance= existing body load + intake or metabolic production - excretion or metabolic removal

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2
Q

clearance

A

rate at which a molecule disappears from teh body

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3
Q

mass flow=

A

concentration x volume flow

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4
Q

homeostasis and equilibrium relationship

A

not equal to one another

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5
Q

three types of equilibrium

A

-chemical disequilibrium
-electrical disequilibrium
-osmotic equilibrium

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6
Q

three body fluid compartments

A

plasma
interstitial fluid
intracellular fluid

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7
Q

what portion of the plasma membrane is highly permeable to nonpolar molecules?

A

lipid bilayer

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8
Q

the lipid bilayer is moderately permeable to

A

small, uncharged polar molcules

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9
Q

the lipid bilayer is impermeable to

A

ions and large, uncharged polar molecules

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10
Q

concentration gradient

A

is a difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to another

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11
Q

an electrical gradient is a

A

difference in electrical charges between 2 regions

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12
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

refers to the combined influence of the concentration gradient and the electrical gradient on movement of a particualr ion across a membrane

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13
Q

K+ wants to be

A

inside the cell

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14
Q

active transport

A

requires energy

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15
Q

primary active transport is

A

the direct phosphorylation of ATP

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16
Q

secondary active transport

A

utilizes conditions based on secondary factors
-does not involve direct phosphorylation of atp

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17
Q

seven properties of diffusion

A
  1. passive process (obeying second law of thermodynamics)
  2. high concentration to low concentration
  3. net movement until concentration is equal
  4. rapid over short distances
  5. directly related to temperature
  6. inversely related to molecular size
  7. in open system or across a partition
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18
Q

diffusion (obeying second law of thermodynamics)

A

movement of a substance down its concentration gradient due to its kinetic energy

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19
Q

fick’s law of diffusion

A

rate of diffusion is directly proportional to surface area, concentration gradient, membrane permeability

indirectly proportional to membrane thickness

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20
Q

membrane thickness is based on

A

lipid solubility / molecular size

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21
Q

changing the composition of the lipid layer can

A

increase or decrease membrane permeability

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22
Q

a larger size molecule will ___ membrane permeability

A

decrease

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23
Q

diffusion across a membrane

A

simple and facilitated

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24
Q

simple diffusion

A

a solute moves across the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane without the help of membrane transport proteins

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25
facilitated diffusion
a solute moves across the lipid bilayer aided by a channel protein or a carrier protein
26
channel-mediated facilitated diffusion
gated channel
27
gated channel is
one in which a portion of the channel protein acts as a gate to pen or close the channel's pore to the passage of ions
28
carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion
carrier protein solute specificity
29
carrier protein binds to
a substance on one side of the membrane, undergoes a conformational change, and then releases the substance on the opposite side of the membrane
30
solute specificity (somewhat)
a given carrier protein transports only one solute or a group of solutes that are structurally related
31
properties of carrier proteins
saturation competition (for related compounds)
32
glucose binds to a specific type of carrier protein called the
glucose transporter (glut). the binding site initially faces the outside surface of the membrane
33
the transporter undergoes a conformational change which causes
the binding site to face the inside of the cell
34
glucose dissociates from the
transporter and enters the cytosol
35
channel proteins
create a water-filled pore
36
channel proteins can be classified as
gated channels and open channels
37
carrier proteins
never form an open channel between the two sides of the membrane
38
carrier proteins can be classified as
uniport carriers cotransporters -symport carriers -antiport carriers
39
the sodium potassium pump expels
sodium ions and brings potassium ions into the cell. note: k+ electrical and concentration gradients occur in opposite directions (high to low)
40
secondary active transport mechanisms use
the energy stored in an ionic electrochemical gradient (usually Na+) because primary active transport pumps the hydrolyzed ATP to maintain the gradient, secondary active transport mechanisms consume ATP indirectly both AT use energy
41
symporters
carry two substances across the membrane in the same direction
42
antiporters
carry two substances across the membrane in opposite directions
43
Na+ is moving ___ its electrochemical gradient
down
44
osmosis is
the diffusion of water
45
the body is mostly water
most water volume in intracellular extracellular plasma
46
principle of osmosis based off of
solute concentrations
47
osmolarity of a solution is a measure of the
total number of dissolved particles per liter of solution. the particles may be molecules, ions, or a mixture of both
48
isoosmotic
same osmolarity as another solution
49
hyperosmotic
higher osmolarity than another solution
50
hypoosmotic
lower osmolarity than another solution
51
tonicity
tonic= tension measure of a solution's ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content
52
in a hypotonic solution
the cell swells
53
in a hypertonic solution
the cell shrinks
54
tonicity depends on the relative concentrations of
nonpenetrating solutes
55
tonicity only depends on
nonpenetrating solutes
56
intravenous solutions fluid therapy is dependent on
osmolarity and tonicity
57
hypotonic solutions are used in conditions of
dehydration
58
isotonic solutions are used in
blood loss, fluid is needed to remain in the ECF (interstitial + plasma)
59
cell to cell communication overview (3)
1. physiological communication signals 2. target cells, or targets, receive signals 3. 3 general methods of cell-to-cell communication
60
physiological communication signals
electrical chemical
61
electrical
changes in the membrane potential of a cell
62
chemical
secreted by cells into ECF responsible for most communication within the body
63
cells can communicate with one another through
gap junctions cell to cell binding extracellular chemical messengers
64
process of extracellular chemical messengers
1. binding of the extracellular chemical messenger to a receptor 2. signal transduction 3. cellular response
65
binding of the extracellular chemical messenger to a receptor
the receptor may be present in the target cell's plasma membrane or inside the target cell
66
signal transduction
sequence of events that occurs during signal transduction is referred to as a signal transudction pathway
67
cellular response
signal transduction pathway culminates in a cellular response by the target cell
68
3 major types of extracellular chemical messengers
1. hormones 2. neurotransmitters 3. local mediators
69
hormones
mediate endocrine signaling
70
neurotransmitters
mediate synaptic signaling
71
local mediators
paracrines and autocrines mediate local signaling
72
lipophobic bind to
membrane of cell
73
lipophilic
signal molecules and go in cell or bind to cell membrane steroid
74
lipophilic have ____response
slower while lipophobic is more rapid
75
signal pathways: signal amplification transducers
convert extracellular signals into intracellular messages which create a response
76
steps of signal transduction pathway form a
cascade
77
modulation of signal pathways
-specificity and competition -agonist versus antagonist -multiple receptors for one ligand (e.g. epinephrine)
78
alpha receptor
vasconstriction
79
beta receptor
vasodilation
80
antagonist
blocks receptor activity while an agonist activates the receptor for a response
81
the target response depends on the
target receptor
82
other modulation of signal pathway
up regulation down regulation termination mechanism disease and drugs
83
down-regulation
-by decreasing the number of receptors -by decreasing the binding affinity -one explanation for drug tolerance
84
physiological control systems keep
regulated variables within a desired range during homeostasis
85
control systems: cannon's postulates
1. nervous regulation of internal environment 2. tonic control 3. antagonistic control (e.g. insulin and glucagon) 4. one chemical signal can have different effects in different tissues (epinephrine)
86
tonic control regulates physiological parameters in an
up-down fashion
87
antagonistic neurons control
heart rate: some speed it up, while others slow it down
88
stimulation by ___ nerves increases heart rate stimulation by ____ nerves decreases heart rate
sympathetic parasympathetic
89
control pathways: setpoints
oscillation around the setpoint
90
acclimatization refers to
natural adaptation
91
acclimation refers to
induced adaptation
92
feedforward control refers to
anticipatory responses the response counteracts the stimulus, shutting off the response loop

Integrative Physiology (7 decks)

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