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Exercise Science Final > Cell Signaling and the Hormonal Response to Exercise > Flashcards

Cell Signaling and the Hormonal Response to Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

Neuroendocrine system:

A

Endocrine system releases hormones

Nervous system uses neurotransmitters

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2
Q

Endocrine glands =

A

Release hormones directly into the blood

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3
Q

Hormones =

A

Alter the activity of tissues that possess receptors to which the hormone can bind

Several classes based on chemical makeup
> Amino acid derivatives
> Peptides/protein
> Steroids

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4
Q

The effect of a hormone on a tissue is determined by:

A

Plasma concentration of hormone

Rate of secretion of hormone from endocrine gland

Rate of metabolism or excretion of hormone

Quantity of transport protein

Changes in plasma volume

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5
Q

Rate of secretion of hormone from endocrine gland =

A

Magnitude of input

Stimulatory versus inhibitory input

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6
Q

Rate of metabolism or excretion of hormone =

A

At the receptor and by the liver and kidneys

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7
Q

Incretin =

A

gut-derived peptide hormone that are rapidly secreted in response to a meal – stimulate B cells to postprandially secrete insulin

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8
Q

The overarching role of insulin in the body:

A

regulate the body’s energy supply or glucose by transporting glucose intracellularly to cells, tissue

To be used as energy and to maintain blood glucose levels at a ‘normal’ level which ideally is less than 100mg/DL of blood – over 126 is indicative of diabetes

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9
Q

Contributing factors to increase insulin secretion by the pancreas are:

A

increased plasma glucose levels

glucose circulating in the blood stream

increased amino acid

automonic nervous system adjustment from both SNS and PSNS

incretins

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10
Q

Hormone-Receptor Interactions

A

Hormones only affect tissue with specific receptors

Hormones have to be congruent with a receptor inorder to activate the cell

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11
Q

Magnitude of effect of Hormone-Receptor Interactions dependent on:

A

Concentration of the hormone

Number of receptors on the cell

Affinity of the receptor for the hormone

Speed with which hormone is metabolized

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12
Q

Downregulation =

A

Decrease in receptor number in response to high concentration of hormone

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13
Q

Upregulation =

A

Increase in receptor number in response to low concentration of hormone

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14
Q

Mechanisms of Hormone Action

A

Altering activity of DNA to modify protein synthesis

Activating second messengers via G protein
= Cascade of events leads to a second messenger = Cyclic AMP, Ca++

Altering membrane transport = Insulin via tyrosine kinase = large class of transmembrane receptors; play a key role in regulation of glucose homeostasis

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15
Q

Hormones are secreted from endocrine glands:

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary glands

Thyroid and parathyroid glands

Adrenal glands

Pancreas

Testes and ovaries

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16
Q

endocrine system is comprised of:

A

pineal gland
thymus
ovary
testicle
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
parathyroid glands
pancreas
adrenal glands
placenta - during pregnancy

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17
Q

Hypothalamus =

A

Stimulates release of hormones from anterior pituitary gland

Provides hormones for release from posterior pituitary gland

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18
Q

Hypothalamus function:

A

Coordinates the endocrine system: main function is to keep body in homeostasis

Body Temperature
BP
Hunger and Thirst
Satiety
Mood
Libido
Sleep

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19
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland
hormones released:

A

ACTH
FSH
LH
MSH
TSH
Prolactin
GH

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20
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Stimulates cortisol (stress = increased levels) release from adrenal glands

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21
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Sexual development & reproduction

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22
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Stimulates production of testosterone and estrogen

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23
Q

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

Stimulates production of melanin

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24
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Controls thyroid hormone (growth, metabolism) release from thyroid gland

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25
Q

Prolactin

A

Stimulates release/production of breast milk

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26
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

Controls height, bone length, and muscle growth

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27
Q

Growth Hormone and Performance

A

More adverse effects than benefits

Irreversible acromegaly

Heart disease

Diabetes

Not advocated as anti-aging therapy = Increased lean body mass but no change in strength

28
Q

GH increases protein synthesis in muscle and long bone growth

A

Used to treat childhood dwarfism

Also used by athletes and older adults = Increased release during exercise

29
Q

GH injections

A

Increase exercise capacity and muscle mass in conjunction with resistance training

30
Q

Posterior Pituitary Gland hormones released:

A

oxytocin
ADH

31
Q

Oxytocin =

A

Stimulates smooth muscle during childbirth and milk production

32
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) =

A

Reduces water loss from the body to maintain plasma volume

Favors reabsorption of water from kidney tubules to capillaries

Release stimulated by high plasma osmolality and low plasma volume

Due to sweat loss without water replacement

Increases during exercise >60% VO2 max (moderate to vigorous exercise) = To maintain plasma volume

33
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

butterfly-shaped gland locatedat the base of the neck, just below the larynx or Adam’s apple

produces hormones that regulate heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature and weight

Stimulated by TSH (Anterior Pituitary)

releases:
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)
Calcitonin

34
Q

Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

A

Establishment of metabolic rate

Permissive hormones = Permit full effect of other hormones

Latent period but long lasting

Increased secretion in CV exercise

35
Q

Calcitonin =

A

Regulation of plasma Ca++

Opposes effect of parathyroid

36
Q

Parathyroid Gland

A

releases parathyroid hormone = Primary hormone in plasma Ca++ regulation

37
Q

Parathyroid hormone =

A

Stimulates Ca++ release from bone

Stimulates reabsorption of Ca++ by kidneys

Converts vitamin D3 into a hormone that increase Ca++ absorption from GI tract

High intensity exercise > 50 minutes or low intensity exercise > 5 hours increases parathyroid hormone levels

38
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Secretes the catecholamines

Part of the sympathetic nervous system

Dopamine, Epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE)

Fast-acting hormones

Work to ensure stable blood pressure and plasma glucose

Released in response to physical and emotional stress

Bind to adrenergic receptors: Alpha and Beta

39
Q

Adrenal Medulla - Effects depend on hormone used and receptor type

A

Can be both excitatory or inhibitory

40
Q

Epinephrine

A

E = increase HR and force of contraction

41
Q

Norepinephrine

A

N = vasoconstriction

42
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

Secretes steroid hormones

Mineralcorticoids = Aldosterone, Maintenance of plasma Na+ , K + and water balance

Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure

Part of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: All three hormones increase during exercise critical regulator of blood volume, electrolyte balance, and systemic vascular resistance

43
Q

Adrenal Cortex Stimulated by:

A

Increased K+ concentration = plasma osmolality

Decreased plasma volume = hypovolemic

44
Q

Adrenal Cortex Works to increase plasma volume

A

Glucocorticoids
> Cortisol
> Regulation of plasma glucose

Sex steroids
> Androgens and estrogens
> Support prepubescent growth

45
Q

Adrenal glands =

A

suprarenal glands

small, triangular-shaped glands locatedon top of both kidneys

produce hormones that help regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress and other essential functions

46
Q

Change in Renin, Angiotensin II, and Aldosterone During Exercise

A

With increased exercise intensity all 3 components of the R A A S increase for blood volume control

47
Q

Cortisol - Maintenance of plasma glucose:

A

Promotes protein breakdown for gluconeogenesis =
stimulates glucose synthesis

Stimulates FFA mobilization from adipose tissue

Stimulated by:
> stress
> exercise

48
Q

Cortisol secreted from adrenal glands is responsible for ___

A

gluconeogenesis = glucose production from non carbohydrate components

Mobilizes FFA from adipose tissue for production of glucose or gluconeogenesis

Stimulated by stress and exercise

49
Q

In addition to storing triglycerides, adipose tissue also secretes hormones

A

leptin

adiponectin

With increased fat mass
> Higher leptin levels and lower adiponectin

> Leads to type 2 diabetes and low-grade inflammation

50
Q

Leptin =

A

Influences appetite through the hypothalamus

Increases insulin resistance

51
Q

Adiponectin =

A

Increases insulin sensitivity

52
Q

Pancreas

A

Both exocrine and endocrine functions

Secretes:

Insulin (from beta cells)
> Transports glucose to cells for energy
> Lack of insulin = diabetes mellitus

Glucagon (from alpha cells)
> Stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose primarily in the liver = glycogenolysis

Somatostatin = Controls rate of entry of nutrients into the circulation

Digestive enzymes and bicarbonate = Into the small intestine

53
Q

Testosterone =

A

Released from testes

Anabolic steroid
> Promotes tissue (muscle) building
> Performance enhancement

Androgenic steroid
> Promotes masculine characteristics

54
Q

Estrogen and Progesterone

A

> Released from ovaries

> Establish and maintain reproductive function

> Levels vary throughout the menstrual cycle

55
Q

Anabolic Steroids and Performance

A

Increase lean body mass, muscle mass, and strength = Amplified when added with resistance exercise

Many negative side effects
> Mood and behavior disorders
> Cardiovascular disease
> Liver dysfunction
> Insulin resistance

56
Q

Muscle as an Endocrine Gland

A

Skeletal muscle produces myokines when it contracts
> Regulation of lipid metabolism

Interleukin 6 (IL-6)
> IL-6 produced during exercise promotes anti-inflammatory effect

57
Q

Regular exercise promotes anti-inflammatory environment

A

Reduction in chronic inflammation and reduced risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers

58
Q

Muscle Glycogen Utilizatio

A

High intensity exercise = increase in plasma epinephrine = Glycogenolysis (glycogen to glucose) is related to exercise intensity

High-intensity exercise results in greater and more rapid glycogen depletion

59
Q

Plasma glucose maintained through:

A

Mobilization of glucose from liver glycogen stores

Mobilization of FFA from adipose tissue

Gluconeogenesis from amino acids, lactic acid, and glycerol (mostly liver and kidneys)

Controlled by hormones
> Slow-acting = Thyroxine, cortisol, and growth hormone

> Fast-acting = Epinephrine, norepinephrine, insulin, and glucagon

60
Q

Thyroid Hormones: Exercise

A

Act in a permissive manner to allow other hormones to exert their full effect

No real change in T3 and T4 during exercise

61
Q

Slow-acting hormone (cortisol) Effects

A

Stimulate FFA mobilization from adipose tissue

Enhance gluconeogenesis in the liver

Decrease the rate of glucose utilization by cells

62
Q

Cortisol: Effects of exercise

A

Decrease during low-intensity exercise

linear Increase during high-intensity exercise
> Above ~60% VO2 max

63
Q

Growth Hormone: Exercise Effects

A

Supports the action of cortisol
> Decreases glucose uptake by tissues
> Increases free fatty acid mobilization
> Enhances gluconeogenesis in the liver

Exercise effect
> Increase in plasma GH with increased intensity

64
Q

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine: Exercise

A

Fast-acting hormones

Maintain blood glucose during exercise

Muscle glycogen mobilization

Increasing liver glucose mobilization

Increasing FFA mobilization

Interfere with glucose uptake

Plasma E and NE increase during exercise

Also related to increased heart rate and blood pressure during exercise

65
Q

Insulin and Glucagon: Exercis

A

Fast-acting hormones

Insulin
> Increased insulin sensitivity
> Decrease secretion

Glucagon
> Mobilization of glucose and FFA fuels
> Increased secretion

Insulin and glucagon secretion influenced by catecholamines

66
Q
A

Exercise Science Final (6 decks)

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