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Cell Signaling/Endocrine Flashcards

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1
Q

describe the three major types of signaling and give a biological example of each

A

paracine signaling: signaling molecules target adjacent cells
synaptic signaling: signaling molecules (NT) diffuse across synapse to neuron (ACH –> NMJ)
endocrine signaling: signaling molecules travel long distances via bloodstream (hormone)

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2
Q

what determines if a hormone will bind to an intracellular vs cell surface receptor

A
  1. size
  2. solubility
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3
Q

what do kinases and phosphatases do?

A

kinases: enzymes that add a PO4 3-
phosphotases: enzymes that remove PO4 3-

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4
Q

define affinity.

how does KD relate to affinity.

A

the likelihood of something going to bind. 1/KD is the affinity. The lower the KD the higher the affinity.

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5
Q

define specificity.

A

binds only one or a specific family of ligands

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6
Q

define saturability.

A

how many receptors are bound by a ligand

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7
Q

define law of mass action

A

[L] + [R] –> [LR] –> biological response

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8
Q

can ion channels activate intracellular mechanisms?

A

yes

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9
Q

give examples of cell surface receptors

A
  1. ligand gated ion channels (nAChR)
  2. G protein coupled receptors (mAChR, GnRH-R)
  3. serine/threonine receptors (TGFbeta R)
  4. tyrosine kinase receptors (Insulin R)
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10
Q

what type of hormones bind to cell surface receptors

A

protein, peptide and fatty acid derived hormones; large, water soluble
also catecholamines

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11
Q

are cell surface receptors or intracellular receptors faster?

A

cell surface receptors

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12
Q

give examples of intracellular receptors

A
  1. nuclear receptors
  2. mineralocorticoid receptor
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13
Q

what type of hormones bind to intracellular receptors

A

steroids, amino acids, thyroid hormones (small, lipid soluble)

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14
Q

what can cell surface receptors do

A

protein transport, protein synthesis, secretion, ion channels, and gene expression

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15
Q

name two receptors that bind the same ligand

A

nAChR and mAChR

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16
Q

describe adrenergic receptors (alpha 1, alpha 2 and beta) in regard to their G protein and intracellular/biological response

A

alpha 1 - Galpha q/11, increases Ca+2, smooth muscle contraction
alpha 2 - Galpha i, inhibits cAMP, smooth muscle contraction
beta - Galpha s, increases cAMP, heart muscle contraction, smooth muscle relaxation and glycogenolysis

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17
Q

describe muscarinic receptors (1,3, & 5 and 2,4) in regard to their G protein and intracellular response

A

M1,3,5 - Galpha q/11, increase Ca2+ & MAP kinases
M2,4 - Galpha i, inhibits cAMP

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18
Q

what determines if there is a biological response to a hormone

A
  1. specificity
  2. affinity
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19
Q

what are the major classes of hormones

A
  1. protein/peptide hormones
  2. fatty acid hormones
  3. steroid hormones
  4. modified amino acids
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20
Q

how is diabetes an L vs R problem?

A

type 1 diabetes - no beta cells of pancreas so no production of insulin (L problem)
type 2 diabetes - dysfunctional insulin receptors (R problem)

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21
Q

what do intracellular receptors do?

A

regulate gene transcription

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22
Q

what describes a hormones interaction with a nuclear receptor?

A

slow
dimerized HR act as transcription factor

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23
Q

what is the importance of the hypothalamic pituitary vascular system

A

hypothalamus has portal system with anterior pituitary (two capillaries); hypothalamus synthesizes/secretes neurhormones to AP and AP releases trophic hormones into blood stream to target organs

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24
Q

how does the hypothalamus send hormones to the posterior pituitary

A

through neurons, they originate in hypothalamus and axons terminate in posterior pituitary

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25
where are gonadotropes located and what do they secrete
anterior pituitary LH/FSH
26
where are thyrotropes located and what do they secrete
anterior pituitary TSH
27
where are somatotropes located and what do they secrete
anterior pituitary Growth Hormone
28
where are corticotropes located and what do they secrete
anterior pituitary ACTH
29
where are lactotropes located and what do they secrete
anterior pituitary prolactin (Prl)
30
what cell types are in the posterior pituitary and what hormones do they release
neurons oxytocin & vasopressin/ADH
31
Peptide Hormones solubility: receptor: precursor(s): examples:
solubility: soluble receptor: cell surface receptors precursor(s): preprohormone (ER) & prohormone (vesicle) examples: hypothalamic releasing hormones, pituitary hormones, GI/pancreatic hormones, calcitonin, PTH
32
Fatty Acid Hormones solubility: receptor: precursor(s): examples:
solubility: soluble receptor: cell surface receptors precursor(s): *phospholipids + *phospholipase --> *arachidonic acid + *cyclooxygenase (COX) --> eicosanoids examples: prostaglandins, prostacyclins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes
33
Steroid Hormones solubility: receptor: precursor(s): examples:
solubility: insoluble receptor: intracellular receptors precursor(s): cholesterol & pregnenolone examples: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, testosterone, estrogen, vitamin D3
34
Amino Acid Derived Hormones precursor(s): examples & their receptors
precursor(s): tyrosine examples: T3/T4 (intracellular R, insoluble) catecholamines (E/NE) (cell surface receptor)
35
Calcitonin source: main effect:
source: parafollicular cells of thyroid gland (primary) & GI/lung tissues main effect: decreases calcium in blood via 1. inhibits osteoclasts (suppressing resorption) & increasing Ca deposition in bones 2. inhibits tubular reabsorption of Ca & PO4 3- so increase Ca loss in urine
36
Parathyroid Hormone source: main effect:
source: chief cells of parathyroid gland main effect: increases blood calcium via... 1. tubular reabsorption of Ca in kidney 2. vitamin D production from kidney increases Ca absorption in SI 3. osteoclast resorption
37
describe primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism
primary: excess PTH from parathyroid gland = demineralization of bone secondary: excess Ca loss from renal disease = stimulates PTH
38
what are the calcium pools (calcium storage)
1. intracellular Ca (available for signaling, enzyme activation & muscle contraction) 2. blood & ECF (unavailable for function bc bound to protein) 3. bone (majority unavailable)
39
what are the calcium organs
1. kidney 2. small intestine 3. bone (major)
40
vitamin D3 source: main effect:
source: stimulated by PTH in the distal tubule of kidney main effect: increases blood [Ca2+] via... 1. increasing calbindin so SI can increase its absorption 2. initiates transcription for bone to release Ca2+ and PO4 3- via mineralization
41
describe the pathway of inactive and active vitamin D3
sunlight --> liver (inactive) --> kidney (active)
42
describe glucose regulation
insulin (from beta cells) decrease blood glucose by transporting glucose into fat/muscles and store as glycogen glucagon (alpha cells) increase blood glucose by increasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
43
differentiate between adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis
adenohypophosis: anterior pituitary origin from oral ectoderm from roof of mouth neurohypophysis: posterior pituitary origin from neural tissue from floor of diencephalon
44
what is the 2 cell 2 gonadotropin theory in the ovary?
LH stimulates theca cells are to synthesize androgens and FSH stimulates granulosa cells to convert androgens to estrogen
45
distinguish different components of male and female reproductive tract
testes --> epididymis --> wolffian duct (vas deferens) --> urethra ovaries --> mullerian duct (uterine tubes) --> uterus --> cervix --> vagina
46
in males what does the external genitalia and prostate gland need?
conversion of testosterone ---> DHT via 5alpha-reductase
47
in males what does the internal reproductive tract depend on
testosterone and AMH
48
where is sperm produced? where do they mature? where is T produced?
produced in seminiferous tubules mature in epididymis interstitial space
49
what is required for spermatozoa development
counter current heat exchange
50
what transporters transport glucose into muscle and fat cells what is it dependent on what organs are they not in
GLUT4 insulin-dependent NOT in brain or liver
51
what species is diabetes mellitus more present in? pathophysiology?
middle/older aged dogs/cats (female dogs more likely than males) obesity, chronic inflammation, amyloid deposition in islets (cats) and viral infection
52
Oxytocin effect? regulation?
effect: milk ejection, uterine smooth muscle contraction, maternal behavior regulation: stimulated by physical & psychological stimuli; inhibited by catecholamines (stress)
53
Vasopressin/Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) effect? regulation?
effect: increases water reabsorption by increasing the amount of aquaporin channels in the collecting tubule which increases BP/BV and decreased urine output regulation: stimulated by increased plasma osmolarity and decreased BP/BV; inhibited by alcohol, increased BP/BV, or decreased plasma osmolarity
54
when is ADH secreted?
before thirst
55
contrast central diabetes insipidus vs nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
DI: deficiency in ADH central: no ADH from posterior pituitary nephrogenic: kidney not responding to ADH due to renal disease or VP receptor/ aquaporin mutation
56
Prolactin cell that secretes it: stimulation: inhibition: effects:
cell that secretes it: lactotropes stimulation: suckling inhibition: dopamine effects: mammary gland growth, stimulates lactogenesis, and stimulates gene transcription that encode milk proteins
57
describe the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis
TRH (hypo) TSH (AP) T3/T4 (thyroid gland)
58
T3 primary effects
increase BMR, development of fetal/neonatal brain, stimulates growth
59
T3 secondary effects
increased heart rate, cardiac output/contractility, vasodilation, CNS/mental state (anxiety/depression), increased GFR, and reproduction/fertility negatively impacted
60
hyperthyroidism symptoms: treatment: more common in: primary:
symptoms: weight loss, angry, anxious, increased appetite treatment: elimination of thyroid gland, radioactive I131, or inhibit thyroid perioxidase more common in: cats primary: benign, hyperplastic thyroid tissue
61
hypothyroidism symptoms: treatment: more common in: primary, secondary, tertitary:
symptoms: obesity, poor coat, lethargy, cold treatment: supplements of I, T3, or Selenium more common in: dogs primary, secondary, tertitary: thyroid disease/iodine deficiency, TSH problem, TRH problem
62
describe the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
CRH (hypo) ACTH (AP) cortisol (adrenal cortex)
63
what is the precursor for ACTH
POMC
64
what is the transport protein that binds cortisol to plasma proteins
transcortin
65
what zone produces mineralocorticoids
zona glomerulosa (outer layer)
66
what zone produces glucocorticoids
zona fasiculata (middle layer)
67
what zone produces sex steroids
zona reticularis (inner layer)
68
what are the effects of cortisol
1.metabolism: increased gluconeogensis, mobilize aa, inhibit glucose uptake, increase fat breakdown 2. antiinflammatory/ immunosuprresive 3. other: fetal development of type 2 alveolar cells, cognitive function, fear, bone formation, wound healing, Ca absorption
69
what are the effects of aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)
stimulates transcription of Na/K ATPase Pump = increase Na reabsorption and K secretion in kidney stimulated by increase in EC [K] and angiotensin II
70
hyperadrenocortisim cortisol levels: effect on CRH and ACTH: primary: iatrogenic:
cortisol levels: high effect on CRH and ACTH: decreased due to (-) feedback primary: pituitary dependent (excess ACTH) or adrenal tumors iatrogenic: excess glucocorticoid therapy
71
hypoadrenocortism cortisol levels: effect on CRH and ACTH: primary: iatrogenic:
cortisol levels: low effect on CRH and ACTH: increased primary: injury to adrenal gland tissue, infection or autoimmune iatrogenic: discontinuation of corticosteroid therapy
72
growth hormone hypothalamic hormone: anterior pituitary cell type: stimulation: inhibition: direct growth effects: indirect growth effects: metabolic effects:
hypothalamic hormone: GHRH anterior pituitary cell type: somatotropes stimulation: ghrelin (stomach) inhibition: somatostatin direct growth effects: liver, differentiation of chondrocytes indirect growth effects: bone, muscle, adipose, proliferation of chondrocytes/muscle growth metabolic effects: protein anabolism, fat catabolism, carb metabolism
73
pituitary dwarfism
lack of all pituitary hormones (GH, TSH, ACTH)
74
giantism
excess GH from birth before epiphyseal closure (swelling, enlarged peripheral nn, delayed puberty, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism)
75
acromegaly
late onset excess GH due to GH secreting pituitary tumor (organ hypertrophy or bony changes, insulin resistance, *male cats)
76
describe the female hypothalamic-pituitary- gonadal axis
GnRH (hypo) LH and FSH (AP gonadotropes) Estrogen & Inhibin (theca and granulosa cells)
77
what is the dominant follicle first to have/do
dominant follicle first to express LH receptor and produce inhibin
78
what causes ovulation
dominant follicle produces large amounts of estrogen resulting in an LH surge (+) feedback, this LH surge results in release of the follicle
79
what subunit do gonadotropes and thyrotropes share?
they share the alpha glycoprotein subunit (alpha-GSU) differ in beta subunits
80
what produces the large amount of progesterone during the estrous cycle
the corpus lutea (yellow body)
81
describe the follicular phase
1. egg w/ cohort of follicles present and produce FSH to stimulate follicle growth 2. domintant follicle has LHR and produces inhibin to prevent recruitment of additional follicles 3. dominant becomes mature and produces E and Inhibin 4. large amount of E = LH surge 5. LH results in release of follicle from ovary
82
describe the luteal phase
1. formation of corpus luteum produces P and E, and inhibin 2. if no pregnancy, PGF2alpha-MRP = death to CL and resets 3. P and E decrease, LH/FSH increase
83
what day does ovulation begin in animals
day zero
84
what hormone does the pre-ovulatory follicle secrete
estrogen
85
what are the effects of estrogen
follicle growth secondary sex characteristics growth/proliferation of epihelial lining of repro tract feedback to brain inhibits milk production
86
what are the effects of progesterone
prepares endometrium from embryo implantation breast growth negative feedback to brain inhibits milk production inhibits myometrial contractions
87
most common birth defect of male genitalia
cryptochordism
88
effects of testosterone
stimulate spermatogenesis maintain wolffian duct/accessory glands external genitalia, secondary sex characteristics stimulate metabolism affect CNS function/behavior

Physiology (5 decks)

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