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IB Biology > Cell Specialization > Flashcards

Cell Specialization Flashcards

1
Q

What are specialized cells called?

A

Differentiate

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2
Q

What is a stem cell? What is it’s function?

A

A cell that is not differentiated, not specialized yet. It can divide itself to an unlimited amount of time.

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3
Q

Will all stem cell differentiate?

A

Under the right condition yes

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4
Q

How does a cell differentiate?

A

Relying on it’s genome, the DNA will see what is the best fit for the cell and further specialize it into what is needed for the organism.

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5
Q

What makes a stem cell knows what to specialize into?

A

We don’t. But it’s enviroment could be a reason for it to adapt.

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6
Q

What is the potency of stem cells?

A

The potential on how far a cell can specialize

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7
Q

How can the potency of a stem cell affect its function?

A

The amount of potents will determine how well it can do it’s work for the environment it’s in.

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8
Q

Totipotent

A

Can become any type of cell

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9
Q

Pluripotent

A

The second step after totipotent
Many types of cells

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10
Q

Multipotent

A

The stages most stem cells are in after birth, a few types of cell or become a unipotent cell
Bone marrow has alot of multipotent that can differentiate into different blood cells

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11
Q

Unipotent

A

The narrowest cell can divide up to. They have the ability to renew things which help with wounds/replacing dead cells

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12
Q

*Induced potent

A

Scientists finding ways to go backwards and change differentiate cells back to pluripotent

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13
Q

Stem cell niche

A

The microenvironment that people believe help guided how a cell should be differentiate
Hormones, pH, ion concentrations could be conditions that might change the niche

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14
Q

Plant’s differentiation

A

Cambium (ring of SC) differentiate into xylem & pholem cells (plant’s vein)
=>neighbor cells see and do the same

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15
Q

Embryo’s differentiation

A

Morphogens (concentration chemicals)
The closer a cell is to the middle of the embryo the more morphogens it is exposed to => differentiate differently

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16
Q

Limb cell’s differentiation

A

Also uses morphogens, closer to middle will make bones, further ones make muscles, furthest will make fat & skin

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17
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of stem cells that matches each other’s vibe form up together and make tissues

18
Q

What determine the size of the cell?

A

The ratio between surface area and volume

19
Q

Function if SA:V is bigger

A

The more it’ll interact with the enviroment => more on outside

20
Q

If volume gets bigger

A

The more demand for nutrients and the more energy it needs to be put in

21
Q

If surface area gets bigger

A

The more requirements it needs to get through with energy

22
Q

Sperm cell function

A

High ratio => get nutrients easier

23
Q

Egg cell function

A

Low ratio => needs more nutrients, more energy needed to absorb them
Need enough nutrients for baby and because they won’t use blood cells

24
Q

Red blood cells function

A

Perform gas exchange
High ratio help them interacts with the enviroment

25
Q

Gas exchange for RBC

A

RBC brings oxygen to tissues and picking up carbon dioxide or deliver it to the lungs and pick up oxygen

26
Q

Flagelum

A

Tail for sperm to swim

27
Q

White blood cells

A

Fight viruses

28
Q

B-Cells

A

Antibody making cells, a kind of proteins

29
Q

Cerebellar granule cell

A

Nerve cells call neurons
Those cells exchange signals with other cells

30
Q

Motor neurons

A

The walking ones
Have axons so long that they only need two in the body => faster transfer of infos/signals

31
Q

Striated muscles fibres

A

Long and skinny cells that have many nuclei and are made when alot of muscles are together
Help controls muscles forces within the body

32
Q

Proximal Convulated Tubules

A

Those PCT in kidney cell lining helps filtrate substance and choose what they want to keep
=> needs big SA

33
Q

Type I & II Pneumocytes

A

Type I is the outer layer to minimize distnace for oxygen to get through
Type II reduce cohesion by secrete surfactants. Keeps them from collapsing

34
Q

Surfactants

A

Soapy amphipatic molecules

35
Q

Striated muscle cells

A

Skeletal muscle fibres

36
Q

Cardiac muscle cells

A

Y-shape that pass along electrical signals in the heart

37
Q

Intucalated disk

A

use to connect w other cells

38
Q

Myofibrils

A

Proteins that makes cell contract

39
Q

Gametes

A

Human sperm and cells

40
Q

Sperm

A

Alot of flagella that contain mitochondria
Acrosomes contain enzyme to digest zona pellucida
Smooth head to travel faster

41
Q

Eggs

A

Layers of glycoprotein called zona pellucida
The zona pellucida hardens once the sperm settles in and the carticle granules exocytose their contents

IB Biology (3 decks)

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