cell structure

Question 1

structure of cell surface membrane?

Answer 1

surface of animal cells
in cell wall of plant + prokaryotic cells
made of lipids + proteins

Question 2

function of cell surface membrane?

Answer 2

regulates movement of substances in + out cell
receptor molecules - respond to chemicals

Question 3

structure of cell wall?

Answer 3

rigid
made of cellulose

Question 4

structure of nucleus?

Answer 4

nuclear envelope - double membrane + pores
chromatin - made of DNA + proteins
nucleolus

Question 5

function of nucleus?

Answer 5

DNA -instructions to make proteins
pores - allow movement between cytoplasm + nucleus
nucleolus - makes ribosomes

Question 6

structure of lysosome?

Answer 6

membrane bound
no internal structure

Question 7

function of lysosome?

Answer 7

digestive enzymes - digest invading cells / break down worn out parts of cell

Question 8

structure of ribosome?

Answer 8

floats free
attached to RER
made of proteins + RNA
no membrane

Question 9

structure of RER?

Answer 9

system of membranes
fluid filled space
surface covered with ribosomes

Question 10

function of RER?

Answer 10

folds + processes proteins

Question 11

structure of SER?

Answer 11

same as RER
no ribosomes

Question 12

structure of vesicle?

Answer 12

fluid filled sac
membrane bound

Question 13

function of vesicle?

Answer 13

transports substances in + out cell

Question 14

structure of golgi apparatus?

Answer 14

fluid filled flattened sacs
membrane bound
vesicles at edges

Question 15

function of golgi apparatus?

Answer 15

processes + packages lipids / proteins
makes lysosomes

Question 16

structure of mitchondrion?

Answer 16

double membrane
inner folds - cristae
inside cristae - matrix ( enzymes for respiration )

Question 17

function of mitchondrion?

Answer 17

site of aerobic respiration
site of ATP production
require energy

Question 18

structure of chloroplast?

Answer 18

flattened structure
double membrane
thylakoid membranes - stack up - grana
grana linked by lamellae - thin pieces of thylakoid

Question 19

structure of centriole?

Answer 19

hollow cyclinders from microtubules
( protein cyclinders )

Question 20

function of centriole?

Answer 20

involved in separation of chromosomes

Question 21

structure of cilia?

Answer 21

cross section - outer membrane + ring of 9 pairs of microtubules
inside ring - 2 microtubules in centre

Question 22

function of cilia?

Answer 22

microtubules allow movement for susbtances

Question 23

structure of flagellum?

Answer 23

stick out cell surface
membrane bound
2 pairs of microtubules in centre
9 microtubules edge

Question 24

function of flagellum?

Answer 24

microtubules contract - movement

Question 25

where are proteins made?

Answer 25

ribosomes

Question 26

what proteins do the ribosomes on RER make?

Answer 26

the proteins attached to cell membrane

Question 27

what proteins do the free ribosomes in cytoplasm make?

Answer 27

the proteins that stay in cytoplasm

Question 28

what happens to the new proteins produced at RER?

Answer 28

are folded + processed

Question 29

where are the new proteins transported to?

Answer 29

golgi apparatus in vesicles

Question 30

what happens to the proteins at the golgi apparatus?

Answer 30

further processing + enter more vesicles to be transported around cells

Question 31

what is the cytoskeleton?

Answer 31

network of proteins threads running through cytoplasm

Question 32

4 functions of cytoskeleton?

Answer 32

1) microtubules + microfilaments support cells's organlles 2) strengthen + maintain cell shape 3) responsible for movement of materials 4) proteins cause movement - cilia + flagella from cytoskeleton protein filaments

Question 33

what does it mean by the cytoskeleton is dynamic?

Answer 33

constantly changing to allow response to changes in cell

Question 34

5 differences between eukaryotic + prokaryotic cells?

Answer 34

eukaryotic: larger linear DNA nucleus cellulose cell wall flagella made of microtubules prokaryotic: smaller circular DNA polysaccharide cell wall flagella made of protein flagellin

Question 35

what type of cell is bacteria?

Answer 35

prokaryotic

Question 36

what is the resolution and magnification of a light microscope?

Answer 36

resolution - 0.2 micrometres magnification - x 1500

Question 37

what does a light microscope view?

Answer 37

whole cells / tissues

Question 38

how do laser scanning confocal microscopes work?

Answer 38

laser beam tagged with fluroscent dye light focused through pinhole on detector

Question 39

what type of image does a laser scanning microscope produce?

Answer 39

3D

Question 40

what does a laser scanning microscope view?

Answer 40

different depths in thick specimens

Question 41

how do transmission electron micrscopes work?

Answer 41

electromagnets focus beams of electrons transmitted through specimen darker parts absorb more electrons

Question 42

what do transmission electron microscopes view?

Answer 42

range of organelles only thin specimens

Question 43

how do scanning electron microscopes work?

Answer 43

scan beam of electrons knocks off electrons from specimen gather in cathode ray tube

Question 44

what do scanning electron microscopes view?

Answer 44

surface of specimens

Question 45

what type of image does a scanning electron microscope produce?

Answer 45

3D lower resolution than TEM

Question 46

what are the 2 common stains for light microscopes + their functions?

Answer 46

methylene blue - stains DNA eosin - stains cell cytoplasms

Question 47

why are different stains used in light microscopes?

Answer 47

they show different things

Question 48

how are samples stained for electron microscopes?

Answer 48

objects dipped in solution of heavy metals metal ions scatter electrons - contrast

Question 49

how do you prepare a dry mount?

Answer 49

thin slice tweezers, specimen in centre of slide cover slip

Question 50

how do you prepare a wet mount?

Answer 50

drop of water on slide tweezers, specimen stand cover slip upright on slide + tilt drop of stain next to 1 edge of cover slip paper towel on opposite edge stain gets drawn under slip

Question 51

what is an eyepiece graticule?

Answer 51

transparent ruler fitted onto eyepiece

Question 52

what is a stage micrometre?

Answer 52

microscopic slide with accurate scale