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Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the cell surface membrane?

A

Controls which substances go in and out of the cell

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2
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Nucleolus - site of rRNA production and makes ribosomes
DNA replication and transcription occur in the nucleus

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3
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Site of aerobic respiration and ATP production

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4
Q

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

Site of photosynthesis
Stroma contains enzymes for light independent stage of photosynthesis

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5
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus and vesicles?

A

Golgi apparatus - proteins and lipids are modified here
Finished products are transported in the Golgi vesicles

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6
Q

What is the function of the lysosomes?

A

Contains digestive enzymes (digestive system of the cell)

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7
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

The site of translation in protein synthesis

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8
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplastic reticulum?

A

Ribosomes on outer surface are the site of protein synthesis - the proteins are then transported through the RER

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9
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplastic reticulum?

A

Create, store and transport lipids and carbohydrates

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10
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Provides structural strength to cells and prevents cells from bursting when water enters by osmosis

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11
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

Provides support to cell
Stores amino acids and sugars

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12
Q

Name the parts which make up the cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate fibres

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13
Q

What is the function of the microtubules?

A

Determines shape of cell
Provides tracks for movement of organelles

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14
Q

What is the function of the intermediate filaments?

A

Give mechanical strength to the cell

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15
Q

What is the function of the microfilaments?

A

Responsible for cell movement and cell contraction (cytokinesis)

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16
Q

What is the function of the centrioles?

A

Involved in assembly and organisation of spindle fibres during cell division

17
Q

What is the function of the flagella?

A

Help with movement

18
Q

What is the function of the cilia?

A

Mobile: help move substances in a sweeping motion
Stationary: important in sensory organs eg nose

19
Q

What is the structure of microtubules?

A

Made from tubulin (protein)

20
Q

What is the structure of microfilaments?

A

Made from actin (protein)

21
Q

What is the structure of centrioles?

A

Made of microtubules
Found in pairs, forming a centrosome
The pairs are perpendicular to each other

22
Q

What is the structure of flagella?

A

Whip like structures

23
Q

What is the structure of cilia?

A

Hair like projections

24
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus?

A

Nuclear envelope
Nucleolus
Nuclear pores
Nucleoplasm
Chromosomes

25
What is the structure of endoplastic reticulum?
Both have cisternae (folded membranes) RER have ribosomes on cisternae
26
What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus + vesicles?
Cisternae Secretary vesicles pinch off from cisternae
27
Give the stages of protein production
1. Proteins are synthesised on the ribosomes bound to the endoplastic reticulum 2. They then pass into its cisternae and are packaged into transport vesicles 3. Vesicles containing the newly synthesised proteins move towards the Golgi apparatus via the transport function of the cytoskeleton 4. The vesicles fuse with the Golgi apparatus and the proteins enter. The proteins are structurally modified before leaving the Golgi apparatus in secretory vesicles 5. The secretory vesicles fuse with the cell surface membrane releasing their contents by exocytosis. Some vesicles form lysosomes which contain enzymes for use in the cell
28
(EQ) Suggest why the nuclear envelope contains pores? (2)
Controls which substances enter and leave the nucleus For example: ribosomes LEAVE the nucleus, mRNA LEAVES the nucleus
29
(EQ) Suggest 2 processes inside cells that rely on the cytoskeleton for movement (2)
Cytokinesis Movement of chromosomes in cell division
30
(EQ) Outline how the organelles in pancreatic cells work together to produce and release these protein molecules from the cells (6)
Nucleus is the site of transcription and produces mRNA mRNA attaches to ribosomes on the RER where protein synthesis takes place Vesicles are used to transport the protein The Golgi apparatus processes and packages the protein Vesicles FUSE to cell surface membrane and release the protein out of the cell through exocytosis
31
(EQ) State 3 roles of membranes inside cells (2)
Compartmentalise the cell Provides selective permeability Site for attraction of enzymes
32
(EQ) Outline how the vesicles are moved from one organelle to another (2)
Cytoskeleton provides pathways for movement Vesicles move ALONG the microtubules The microtubules are extended This uses ATP
33
Describe how light microscopes work
Lenses focus rays of light and magnify the view of a thin slice of specimen Different structures absorb different amounts o and wavelengths of light Reflected light is transmitted to the observer vis stage objective lens and eyepiece
34
Describe how a transmission electron microscopes
Pass a high energy beam of electrons through a thin slice of specimen More dense structures appear darker (absorb more electrons) Focus image onto fluorescent screen using magnetic lenses
35
Describe how a scanning electron microscope works
Focus a beam of electrons into a specimens surface using electromagnetic lenses Reflected electrons hit a collecting device and are amplified to produce and image on a photographic plate
36
Define magnification
Factor by which the image is larger than the actual specimen
37
Define resolution
The ability to distinguish separate points on an image as two separate objects
38
What are the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic: Smaller and unicellular No membrane bound organelles No nucleus Circular DNA ‘naked’ (not associated with proteins) Smaller ribosomes (70s) Eukaryotic: Larger and often multicellular Have nucleus and membrane bound organelles Linear chromosomes associated with histones Larger ribosomes (80s)
39
In fungi cells, what is the cell wall made of?
Chitin

Biology (10 decks)

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