Cell Structure

Question 1

Name and explain the differences between the three main types of microscopes

Answer 1

Simple microscope: Single lens
Compound microscope: Two lenses
Electron microscope: Shows ultrastructure

Question 2

Draw a labelled diagram of a microscope

Answer 2

N/A

Question 3

What is the function of the cell membrane in animals?

Answer 3

Controls what enters and leaves the cell through processes of diffusion, osmosis, active transport etc.

Question 4

What are cell membranes made of?

Answer 4

Phospholipids and proteins

Question 5

What is the protoplasm

Answer 5

The living part of the cell

Question 6

What is the function of the nucleus in animals?

Answer 6

Controls the activities of the cell

Question 7

Describe the membrane of the nucleus

Answer 7

Double membrane with pores

Question 8

Where is DNA mostly found in the cell?

Answer 8

Nucleus

Question 9

What is the function of the nucleolus?

Answer 9

Where ribosomes are made

Question 10

What is the function of nuclear pores?

Answer 10

To allow rRNa to pass in and out of the nucleus

Question 11

What is the function of the cytoplasm in animals?

Answer 11

Holds cell contents in one place

Question 12

What is the cytosol

Answer 12

Cytoplasm without the cell organelles

Question 13

What is the function of mitochondria in animal cells?

Answer 13

Supply energy (ATP) to the cell (site of aerobic respiration - catabolic). If cell has lots of these then it needs lots of energy eg. muscle

Question 14

What kind of membrane do mitochondria have?

Answer 14

Double membrane

Question 15

What is the function of ribosomes in animal cells?

Answer 15

Make protein by joining amino acids

Question 16

What are ribosomes made up of?

Answer 16

rRNA and protein

Question 17

Describe the membrane of ribosomes

Answer 17

They don’t have one

Question 18

Draw a labelled diagram of the structure of a cell membrane

Answer 18

N/A

Question 19

What is the phospholipid bilayer made up of?

Answer 19

Water loving phosphate head (hydrophilic) and water hating lipid tail (hydrophobic)

Question 20

Draw a labelled diagram of a cell nucleus

Answer 20

N/A

Question 21

Draw a labelled diagram of a mitochondrion

Answer 21

N/A

Question 22

What is the function of the cell membrane in a plant cell?

Answer 22

Controls what enters and leaves the cell through processes such as diffusion, osmosis and active transport

Question 23

Where are cell membranes located in plant cells?

Answer 23

Inside the cell wall

Question 24

What is the cell wall made up of?

Answer 24

Cellulose

Question 25

What is the function of the cell wall?

Answer 25

To support and strengthen the cell

Question 26

Is the cell wall permeable?

Answer 26

Yes fully permeable

Question 27

What is the function of the nucleus in a plant cell?

Answer 27

Controls the activities of a cell

Question 28

What is the function of the vacuole?

Answer 28

Gives the cell shape (turgid - swollen with water) and stores materials eg. phloem

Question 29

What is the function of chloroplast?

Answer 29

Photosynthesis

Question 30

Where is chlorophyll found?

Answer 30

In chloroplast

Question 31

What is chlorophyll?

Answer 31

A green pigment than traps light

Question 32

What is the function of ribosomes in plant cells?

Answer 32

Make protein by joining amino acids

Question 33

Draw a labelled diagram of the ultrastructure of a plant cell

Answer 33

N/A

Question 34

How would you prepare and examine a plant cell?

Answer 34

**Preparing** * Remove outer leaves of onion * Use forceps to remove a piece of skin (epidermis) - one layer of cells so they can be seen clearly * Place on glass slide * Add iodine using a dropper - red yellow stains on membrane and starch * Remove excess * Add few drops of water - to add magnification * Add a cover slip at 45º angle - to protect the lens and prevent air bubbles **Examining** * Place slide on stage and clip in position * Set lens at lowest magnification * Looking through the eyepiece, turn the coarse adjustment knob to move stage up and down * Adjust the amount of light so the object can be clearly seen using a condenser or paper * Turn the fine adjustment to focus the object

Question 35

Draw a diagram of what can be seen through the microscope after doing examining your plant cell

Answer 35

N/A

Question 36

How would you prepare and examine an animal cell?

Answer 36

**Preparing** * Rinse mouth out with water * Scrape inside of mouth with cotton wool bud to collect cheek cells * Smear cells on glass slide * Add a few drops of methylene blue using a dropper - stains nuclei a deep blue * Rinse off ecess stain and add a drop of water * Add a cover slip at an angle - to protecr lens and prevent air bubbles **Examining** * Place slide on stage and clip in position * Set lens at lowest magnification * Looking through the eyepiece, turn the coarse adjustment knob to move stage up and down * Adjust the amount of light so the object can be clearly seen using a condenser or paper * Turn the fine adjustment to focus the object

Question 37

Draw a diagram of what can be seen through the microscope after doing examining your animal cell

Answer 37

N/A

Question 38

What is the ultrastructure of a cell

Answer 38

Fine detail of a cell as seen with an electron microscope eg. mitochondria, chloroplast

Question 39

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Answer 39

Prokaryotic: Do not have a nucleus or membane-bound organelles eg. bacteria Eukaryotic: Have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles eg. human cell, amoeba, fungi, plant

Question 40

What are some differences between plant and animal cells?

Answer 40

**Plant cells** * Have a cell wall * Contain chloroplast * Contain chlorophyll * Have large vacuoles **Animal cells** * No cell wall * Do not contain chloroplast * Do not contain chlorophyll * Have small (if any) vacuoles

Question 41

Which locations in the cell have selectively permeable membranes?

Answer 41

Chloroplast, nucleus, mitochondrion and vacuole

Question 42

Which cell organelles contain genetic material?

Answer 42

Nucleus, mitochondrion and chloroplast

Question 43

Draw a labelled diagram of a chloroplast

Answer 43

N/A

Question 44

What is the function of the eyepiece lens?

Answer 44

Magnifies image

Question 45

What is the function of the nosepiece

Answer 45

Rotates to move lens into place

Question 46

What is the function of the objective lens

Answer 46

Magnifies image

Question 47

What is the function of the stage/platform?

Answer 47

Supports slide

Question 48

What is the function of the condenser?

Answer 48

Focuses light on slide

Question 49

What is the function of the diaphragm?

Answer 49

Adjusts amount of light reaching slide

Question 50

What is the function of the coarse focus?

Answer 50

Approximate focusing

Question 51

What is the function of the fine focus?

Answer 51

Precise focusing

Question 52

What is the function of the clip?

Answer 52

Holds slide in place

Question 53

What is the function of the stage height adjuster?

Answer 53

To move the stage

Question 54

What is the function of the mirror/light?

Answer 54

To supply light to the slide