Cell Structure

Question 1

What is the basic building blocks of all living things

Answer 1

cell

Question 2

It’s a large, membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells(cells with a nucleus)

Answer 2

nucleus

Question 3

The control center of a cell

Answer 3

nucleus

Question 4

what are the parts of nucleus

Answer 4

1. Nuclear Envelope
2. Nucleoplasm
3. Chromatin
4. Nucleolus

Question 5

its main function is to control the cell by storing DNA and managing processes like DNA replication, transcription, and RNA processing.

Answer 5

nucleus

Question 6

True or false: Only eukaryotic cells have a nucleus. Prokaryotic cells (like bacteria) do not; their DNA floats freely in the cytoplasm.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Also known as nuclear sap or karyoplasm, is the gel-like fluid that fills the inside of the nucleus.

Answer 7

Nucleoplasm

Question 8

helps support and protect the structures inside the nucleus and plays a role in transporting molecules involved in DNA replication, transcription, and RNA processing

Answer 8

Nucleoplasm

Question 9

In which part of the nucleus are ions, enzymes, and nucleotides suspended?

Answer 9

Nucleoplasm

Question 10

In the Nucleoplasm, genetic material is organized as chromatin until cell division. What is this material called?

Answer 10

Chromatin

Question 11

What is the DNA and proteins (mainly histones) found inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

Answer 11

chromatin

Question 12

its a mixture of histones and dna that makes up who we are

Answer 12

chromatin

Question 13

2 forms of chromatin

Answer 13

Euchromatin and Heterochromatin

Question 14

a loose gene-rich and transcriptionally active

Answer 14

Euchromatin

Question 15

a tight gene-poor and transcriptionally silent

Answer 15

Heterochromatin

Question 16

what are the 3 cellular organelle involved in protein synthesis and processing

Answer 16

ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus

Question 17

Rough endoplasmic reticulum function

Answer 17

protein synthesis, folding, glycosylation

Question 18

It is the organelle that is attached to the rough er

Answer 18

Ribosomes

Question 19

It is a small complexes of RNA and protein that translate the genetic code from messenger RNA (mRNA) into a chain of amino acids, which then folds to form a protein.

Answer 19

Ribosomes

Question 20

It is the molecules that combine to form proteins. ___ and proteins are the building blocks of life. When proteins are digested or broken down, ____ are the result

Answer 20

amino acids

Question 21

a network of interconnected membranes within a cell that lacks ribosomes

Answer 21

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 22

Glycosylation is the enzymatic process of adding carbohydrates (glycosyl donors) to molecules like proteins or lipids to form glycoconjugates. It’s a common post-translational modification that occurs in the ____ and ____

Answer 22

endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.

Question 23

a network of tubular membranes found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. It lacks ribosomes

Answer 23

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 24

involved in making lipids, detoxifying chemicals, and storing calcium,

Answer 24

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 25

This is needed in breaking down glycogen into glucose the body will then use these glucose for energy

Answer 25

6 Phosphate

Question 26

These enzymes are mostly found in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth ER), especially in liver cells.

Answer 26

Cytochrome P450

Question 27

membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells responsible for the post-translational modification, sorting, and targeted delivery of proteins and lipids synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 27

Golgi Apparatus

Question 28

The 2 organelle that does glycosylation

Answer 28

rough er and golgi apparatus

Question 29

Receives vesicles from the ER that contain newly synthesized proteins and lipids. and it is the entry face of the Golgi apparatus—the side that faces the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 29

cis-Golgi network (CGN)

Question 30

In the first step of glycolysis, the enzyme hexokinase phosphorylates glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate—a crucial step in trapping glucose inside the cell and beginning energy production. what is this process called

Answer 30

Phosphorylation

Question 31

If Rough ER: Synthesizes proteins and sends them in transport vesicles to the Golgi. Smooth ER: Synthesizes lipids and may also send them to the Golgi for further processing. what organelle Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids into vesicles.

Answer 31

Golgi Apparatus

Question 32

also called the plasma membrane, is a semi-permeable phospholipid bilayer that encloses the cell, separating its internal environment from the external surroundings. It is found in all cell types, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic.

Answer 32

cell membrane

Question 33

decreases the permeability of the membrane to small water-soluble molecules, helping to control what substances enter or leave the cell.

Answer 33

Cholesterol

Question 34

embedded in or attached to the cell membrane play crucial roles in structure, communication, and transport. They make up about 50% of the membrane’s mass and can be broadly classified based on their location and function.

Answer 34

Proteins

Question 35

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration directly through the lipid bilayer. No energy or proteins needed.

Answer 35

Simple Diffusion

Question 36

Movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration, but requires specific transport proteins (channel or carrier proteins) because the molecules are too large or polar to cross the membrane alone. No energy needed (passive transport).

Answer 36

Facilitated Diffusion

Question 37

Movement of large molecules or large amounts of substances using vesicles (small membrane sacs). Requires energy (active transport).

Answer 37

Vesicular Diffusion

Question 38

Contains digestive enzymes that help break down food or damaged organelles.

Answer 38

Lysosome

Question 39

Helps break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel.

Answer 39

Peroxisome

Question 40

Storage of food and other chemicals.

Answer 40

Vacuoles

Question 41

Organelle for cell division.

Answer 41

Centriole

Question 42

refer to organisms with cells that are simple, often single (unicellular), and lack a nucleus, or any other membrane-bound organelle

Answer 42

Prokaryotes

Question 43

Bacteria are considered prokaryotes. They have a cell wall made of

Answer 43

peptidoglycan

Question 44

The capsule allows the cell to attach to surfaces in its environment.

Answer 44

polysaccharide capsule

Question 45

Flagella are used for locomotion, while most pili are used to exchange genetic material during a type of reproduction called

Answer 45

conjugation

Question 46

is composed of cells that have a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound compartments, called organelles, with specialized functions.

Answer 46

Eukaryotes

Question 47

The word eukaryotic means “true nucleus,” due to the presence of a membrane-bound ____ in these cells. The word “organelle” means “little organ,” and organelles have specialized functions, similar to how our organs have specific functions.

Answer 47

nucleus

Question 48

Produces energy for the organism, having the moniker “powerhouse of the cell” due to this function.

Answer 48

Mitochondria

Question 49

Mitochondrial DNA is the circular chromosome found inside the cellular organelles called mitochondria. It is inherited from the?

Answer 49

Mother

Question 53

membrane bound are ribosomes found in rough er. while ribosomes that are free are called

Answer 53

cytosolic ribosome

Question 54

network of protein fibers within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. It provides structural support, maintains cell shape, facilitates intracellular transport, and enables cellular movements.

Answer 54

cytoskeleton

Question 56

The cytoskeleton is composed of three primary types of filaments

Answer 56

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

Question 57

straight and hollow tubes composed of proteins called tubulins. In animal cells, this grow from the centrosome while plant cells have other means of synthesizing as they lack centrosomes.

Answer 57

Microtubules

Question 58

found in cells of most animals, these reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles. For example, the outer layer of our skin is made of dead skin cells composed of intermediate filaments.

Answer 58

Intermediate filaments

Question 59

also called actin filaments, help support the cell’s shape, particularly in animal cells that lack cell walls. ____ are also involved in cell movements.

Answer 59

Microfilaments