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Cell structure Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

What is the function of a nucleus?

A

These hold the genetic information which controls cell activities.

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2
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls entry and exit of materials in and out of the cell

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3
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Site of aerobic respiration

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4
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

Site of protein synthesis

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5
Q

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

Site of photosynthesis

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6
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

Stores water and other minerals. When full pushes out and provides support to the wall

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7
Q

What organelles are in animal cells?

A

Cell membrane
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Mitochondria

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8
Q

What organelles are in plant cells?

A 
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Mitochondria 
Chloroplasts 
Vacuole
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9
Q

What is the function of the cell wall

A

Gives shape and support to the cell so it doesn’t burst. Made of cellulose

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10
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Site of chemical reaction

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11
Q

What can you find in all cells except the bacterial cell?

A

Nucleus

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12
Q

Where do bacterial cells store there DNA?

A

One large circular chromosome, and some on structures called plasmids

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13
Q

Why are bacterial and fungal cell walls different from plant cell walls?

A

The plant cell walls are made of cellulose and the bacterial and fungal ones aren’t

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14
Q

What are the differences between plant cells and fungal cells?

A

Fungal cells don’t have chloroplasts and their cell wall isn’t made of cellulose

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15
Q

What is the cell membrane made up of?

A

Phospholipids and proteins

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16
Q

How are the phospholipids arranged?

A

Double layer and are moving like a fluid

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17
Q

What do the proteins form within the membrane?

A

They form a patchy mosaic, therefore referred to as the ‘fluid mosaic model’

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18
Q

What do some protein molecules form through the membrane?

A

Channels or pores

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19
Q

What does selectively permeable mean?

A

This means it selects or controls what substances can enter or leave

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20
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of substances from a high concentration to a low concentration down a concentration gradient

It is a passive process which requires no energy

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21
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the movement of water from a high concentration to a low concentration through a selectively permeable membrane

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22
Q

What is a solution?

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A

A liquid with a substance dissolved in it

23
Q

What is the liquid in which a substance dissolves in?

24
Q

What is the substance which dissolves in a liquid?

25
What is meant by the term isotonic?
Solutions that have the same solute concentration as each other
26
What is a hypertonic solution?
A solution that has more solute than another
27
What is a hypotonic solution?
A solution that has less solute than another
28
What are the effects of osmosis on animal cells?
(Hypotonic solution) Higher water concentration -Water enters by osmosis + cell bursts (Isotonic solution) Same water concentration -No change (water in=water out) (Hypertonic solution) Lower water concentration -Shrink + wrinkle (water lost by osmosis)
29
What are the effects of osmosis on plant cells?
(Hypotonic solution) Higher water concentration -Water enters by osmosis, vacuole swells. Cell is turgid. (Isotonic solution) Same water concentration -No change (Hypertonic solution) Lower water concentration -Lose water by osmosis, vacuole shrinks, membrane pulls away from cell wall. Cell is plasmolysed.
30
What is active transport?
The movement of molecules against a concentration gradient from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration
31
What is required during active transport?
ATP (energy)
32
Proteins in the membrane act as.....
.......carriers and transport the molecules (and ions) across the membrane
33
What is an example of active transport?
In nerve cells sodium is pumped out and potassium is pumped in
34
What does the nucleus contain?
Threadlike structures called chromosomes
35
What do chromosomes do?
Carry information in the form of genes, which determine the characteristics of an organism
36
What is the diploid number?
The number of chromosomes in a 'double' set
37
Human cells have two sets of chromosomes consisting of....?....chromosomes each
23
38
What is the diploid number for humans?
46
39
What is the haploid number?
The number of chromosomes in one set (humans is 23)
40
What is mitosis?
The division of the nucleus which ensures that each of the two daughter cells will contain the same number of chromosomes as the original parent cell, and be genetically identical to it
41
What are the stages of mitosis?
1. •chromosomes are replicated 2. •chromosomes become visible •nuclear membrane starts to break down 3. •spindle forms •chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell, attached to the spindle by their centromeres 4. •spindle contracts pulling chromosomes apart to opposite ends of the cell 5. •chromosomes reach opposite ends of the cell •new nuclear membrane forms round each set of chromosomes 6. •cell divides into two daughter cells when cytoplasm divides •IN PLANTS a new cell wall forms, separating cytoplasm •IN ANIMALS division occurs when cytoplasm constricts
42
What do chromosomes consist of?
Two strands called chromatids, joined at a point called the centromere
43
How does cancer occur?
As a result of uncontrolled cell division
44
What are the names of the four types of bases and how do you spell them?
Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
45
What bases pair together?
Adenine pairs with thymine | Guanine pairs with cytosine
46
What are examples of cell culture?
* yeast cultured for brewing and baking * bacteria cultured to make cheese and yoghurt * human cells are cultured for skin grafting and stem cell research
47
What is required for cell culture?
* A sterile environment, free from contaminants that might act as competitors * An appropriate growth medium * A controlled environment to provide optimum conditions
48
What factors can be controlled to provide cell culture with optimum conditions?
* level of oxygen * pH of the medium * temperature
49
What must the culture medium contain for building new cells?
An energy source such as glucose and nutrients
50
In the case of micro-organisms what may be used as an energy source in cell culture?
A nutrient broth or ajar jelly
51
What is a gene?
A gene is a small section of DNA in a chromosome which controls a specific characteristic eg. Eye colour
52
How do genes control all the different characteristics of living things?
By producing particular proteins
53
What is the structure of a nucleotide
``` 🔴phosphate \ 🔷 - ◾️ base Deoxyribose Sugar ```
54
Why do strong chemical bonds form between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of another?
To form a permanent strand

Biology (2 decks)

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