Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 109 -2 > Cell structure 4&28 > Flashcards

Cell structure 4&28 Flashcards

1
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Fluid inside cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Eukaryote

A

cell with a nucleus and internal membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Prokaryote

A

Cell with no nucleus or internal membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Protein in bacterial cell walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Gram Positive Bacteria

A

tons of peptidoglycan in cell

many antibiotics against it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Plasmid

A

molecule of DNA which is not part of a chromosome

circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm

Replicates on its own

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Gram Negative Bacteria

A

tough to delete

not much peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Organelle

A

any structure inside a cell which has a specific function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cell theory

A

All organisms composed of cells

cells are smallest living things

cells only made by other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the three phylogenies

A

Bacteria, archaea, eukarya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Explain the surface area to volume ratio

A
  • supply >/= demand
  • surface area >/= volume
  • for reactions to occur substances are taken in and waste is removed
  • when cell increases in size ratio decreases
  • SA/V
  • if too much surface area chemicals can enter cell too fast
  • if volume isnt increased enough cell cant take in/get rid of substances fast enough
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do cells do about the surface area to volume problem

A

multicellularity (same volume, more SA)

flattening cell (same volume, more SA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What 4 things do all cells have

A

Cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)

Cytoplasm (Mix of solutes and cytosol)

DNA (in a nucleoid or nucleus)

Ribsomoes (Synthesize proteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Explain Ribosomes

A

Make proteins through translation (RNA->Proteins)

ribosomes can be free in cytoplasm or within internam membranes (Euks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does an internal membrane mean when determineing prokaryotes from eukaryotes

A

without internal membrane= prokaryote

with internal membrane = eukaryote

They regulate what goes in and out of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

List some charistics of prokaryotes (7)

A

Unicellular

Small sized

Genome= 1 loop of double stranded dna

divide by binary fission (no mitosis)

evolve within a generation (horizontol gene transfer)

no internal compartments

-metabolic diversity

(photosythesis= oxygenic and anoxygenic)

(Chemosysthesis = metabolize inorganic compounds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how to prokaryotes reproduce

A

asexually

no evolution bc they have the same DNA (evolve within same generation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Conjugation (procaryotic reproduction)

A

cell to cell contact through plasmids

-like a person seeing a tree and growing leaves

19
Q

Transduction (procaryotic reproduction)

A

Viral infection makes a mistake

virus injects own dna with dna from a previous host

20
Q

Transformation (procaryotic reproduction)

A

picks up random pieces of dna from the environment

like a person walking into pet cemetary and leaving with fur

21
Q

what is the difference between bacteria and archaea

A
  1. Plasma membrane

bacteria have ester bonds/archaea have ether bonds

  1. cell wall

bacteria= peptidoglycan (strong+ thick)/archaea= aa’s + carbs (small individual bits)

  1. gene expression

bacteria= different codon library and ribosomes

22
Q

different types of archaea

A

crenarchaeota= extreme temp or ph

euryarchaeota= methanogens & halophiles

Korachaeota= everything else

23
Q

bacillus (Bacterial diversity)

A

Rod shaped

24
Q

Coccus (Bacterial diversity)

A

Spherical

25
Q

spirillum (Bacterial diversity)

A

helical shaped

26
Q

Explain what bacteria cell walls are made of

A

peptidoglycan

prevents too much or too little water

maintains shape

some antibiotics only attack peptidoglycan

27
Q

What does good bacteria do?

A

they help with digestion of big proteins and polysaccharides

  • help with energy levels
  • turns proteins into chunks your body can digest
28
Q

Describe a eukaryotic cell

A
  • internal membranes
  • organelles
  • DNA in nucleus
  • all possess a cytoskeleton
29
Q

Cytoskeleton (Eukaryotic cell)

A
  • Protein fibers
  • determines shape of cell
  • moves vesicles within cell
30
Q

Endomembrane system (Eukaryotic cell)

A
  • Divides cell into compartments
  • makes sure all enzymes take place in the same place
  • major difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
31
Q

Vesicles (Eukaryotic cell)

A

membrane bags

-acts like a suitcase. put everything in it to move it

32
Q

Nucleus (Eukaryotic cell)

A

Big vesicle (vacuole)

stores everything related to genome

nucleolus-everything you need to make proteins

33
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (Eukaryotic cell)

A

Rough ER - Ribosomes make protiens

smooth ER- creates lipids, carbs)/ (stores Ca2, detox)

34
Q

Golgi Apparatus (Eukaryotic cell)

A
  • no ribosomes = no primary proteins
  • can fold proteins into tertiary and quarternary structures
  • vesicle buds off RER through cytoskeleton to golgi apparatus
  • each membrane has different PH because each one folds different proteins
35
Q

how do eukaryotes make proteins

A

DNA-> (through transcription factors + RNA polymerase) Primary Transcript-> (through alternative splicing) MRNA->(via nucear pores)Ribosomes-> (+TRNA)PRIMARY STRUCTURE ->ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM ->(via vesicles)GOLGI APPARATUS-> (via vesicles)WORKING PROTEIN

36
Q

Mitochondria (Eukaryotic Cell)

A
  • Not the powerhouse- just make ATP
  • oxidative phosphorylation- take elecctrons to put phosphate on ADP to make ATP
  • inner membrane folded for more surface area
37
Q

Chloroplasts (Eukaryotic cells)

A
  • inner membrane folded for surface area
  • green because it doesnt absorb any kind of light except green
  • thylakoids have same structure as christae
  • have own dna and divide during cell division
  • CHLOROPHYLL
38
Q

Eukaryotic cell walls

A

fungi= chitin

plants and protisis=cellulose and lignin

bacteria=peptidoglycan

39
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Ex: blood groups and immune response

made by cells and secreted to the outside for protection

40
Q

Tight junction (cell connection)

A

like super gluing cell membrane together

stop fluid from moving through membrane

41
Q

Desmosome (cell connection)

A

tying cells together

like they share the same cytoskeleton

dont get separated

important in skin- stops skin from splitting over small movements

42
Q

Gap Junction (cell connection)

A

used for anything that desolves in the cytoplasm

allows for one thing to flow to another cell

43
Q

Which organelle is the odd one out

A. nucleus

B. golgi apparatus

c. mitochondria

d chloroplast

A

nucleus because it contains dna from both the mother and father

BIO 109 -2 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions