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CVM 6900 Micro Anatomy > Cell structure > Flashcards

Cell structure Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

Light microscope resolution

A

200 nm at 100x

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2
Q

Electron microscope resolution

A

Transmission EMs resolve 0.2 nm

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3
Q

Microscopic anatomy is the study of: (4 things)

A

Cells
Tissues
Organs
Systems

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4
Q

Plasma membrane

A

The specialized delimiting capsule (lipid bilayer)

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5
Q

Cytoplasm

A

transparent substance around the nucleus that fills the

rest of the cell’s interior (cytosol + many membrane-enclosed organelles)

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6
Q

Cell cortex

A

A specialized layer of cytoplasm consisting of a meshwork of fibrous proteins that reinforces the membrane. Provides polarized shape and movement

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7
Q

What are the 3 primary components of the cell cortex?

A

Actin filaments
microtubules
intermediate filaments

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8
Q

Glycocalyx function

A

Protects and lubricates, important in cell-cell recognition and adhesion

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9
Q

Glycocalyx structure

A

sugar coating of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides found on the exterior of the cell membrane (appears fuzzy)

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10
Q

Ribosomes structure and size

A

10-20 nm cytoplasmic particles composed of rRNAs and ribosomal proteins (appear purple (basophilia) when stained)

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11
Q

2 locations of ribosomes

A
  • Free in cytoplasm in clusters (polyribosomes)

- Associated with the membranes of the RER

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12
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A

Plays a central role in the synthesis and export of proteins and glycoproteins. Is covered in ribosomes

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13
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) 3 functions

A
  • Involved in the synthesis of lipids (steroids)
  • Metabolism of lipid soluble substances
  • Regulated concentration of calcium in all cells (including muscle cells)
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14
Q

Golgi Apparatus function

A

Post-translational modifications of proteins

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15
Q

Golgi apparatus structure

A

Flattened membrane bound sacs(cisternae) piled in stacks like plates

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16
Q

Lysosomes definition

A

membranous sacs
of hydrolytic enzymes (such as
nuclease, proteases, lipases,
etc.)

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17
Q

4 functions of lysosome

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Autophagy (degredation of internal organelles when they become obselete)
  • Excretion of hydrolytic enzymes
  • Autolysis
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18
Q

Peroxisome (like hydrogen perioxide)

A

Help to manage free radicals, also regulate H2O2 metabolism

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19
Q

Melanosome

A

Absorbs UV light

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20
Q

Centrioles

A

Microtuble organizing center

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21
Q

Mitochondria

A

Energy source; produces ATP, heat, and most cellular reactions. Shape varies from rods to spheres

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22
Q

Proteasome function

A

degrades
intracellular proteins marked for
destruction by attachment of
multiple ubiquitin molecules

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23
Q

Protease abnormality

A

Leads to degenerative diseases and some cancers

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24
Q

Glycogen

A

a large branched polysaccharide (stored glucose) found in liver, muscle, etc. cell cytoplasm

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25
Pigment granules
- melanin | - heme(breakdown product of hemoglobin degeneration)
26
Secretory granules
membrane bound vesicles that contain inactive enzymes, proteins, neurotransmitters, mucus, etc.
27
Cytoskeleton definition
System of protein filaments in the cytoplasm, continuously reorganizing
28
Cytoskeleton function
- cell movement - intracellular movement and transport - mitosis/meiosis
29
Microtubules
long, stiff, cylindrical intracellular structures (20 nm diameter) composed of the protein tubulin
30
Microtubule orientation
Are polar; Negative end is in the centrosome, positive end outward
31
Motor proteins
Bind organelles and move them along microtubules
32
Intermediate filaments
Intermediat in size (10 nm in diameter). Gives mechanical strength
33
Actin filaments
Small (7 nm in diameter) filamentous protein formed in a chain of globular actin molecules.
34
Actin filaments function
- Involved in cell movement (crawling) | - Muscle contraction
35
Nucleus
Most prominent organelle in a eukaryotic cell, contains DNA organized into chromosomes
36
Nuclear envelope
The envelope surrounding the nucleus (consists of 2 lipid bilayer membranes). perforated by nuclear pores and supported internally by nuclear lamina
37
Nuclear pores
Perforations in the nuclear envelope that transport selected molecules
38
Nucleolus
Region of the nucleus where different chromosomes carrying genes for ribosomal RNA cluster together
39
Chromatin
Complex of DNA histones and nonhistone proteins from which chromosomes are made
40
Chromatin characteristics
- Stains basophilically - one DNA strand/chromosome - organized around the nucleosome
41
Chromatin function
Histone proteins play a critical role in regulating gene expression because they can alter the accessibility of gene sequences in DNA
42
Chromatin types (2)
Heterochromatin and euchromatin
43
Heterochromatin
Highly condensed form of interphase chromatin, transcriptionally inactive, stains dark
44
Euchromatin
Least condensed, extended state of chromatin, transcriptionally active, stains lightly,
45
The cell cycle
Sequence of events by which a cell duplicates it contents and divides in two
46
Four cell cycle phases
- M phase - G1 phase - S phase - G2 phase
47
M phase(mitosis)
Chromosomes are condensed and the nucleus and cytoplasm divide. (consists of 6 steps)
48
Cytokinesis
- Division of the cytoplasm (last step of M phase) - Contractile ring creates cleavage furrow - When finished 2 new complete cells are ready
49
G1 phase (g=gap or "growth")
The interval between the end of mitosis and the beginning of S phase, most quiescent cells rest here
50
S phase (s=synthesis)
The cell replicates its nuclear DNA (prerequisite for division)
51
G2 Phase (g=gap or "growth")
The interval between the end of S phase and the beginning of mitosis
52
Interphase
G1, S, and G2 phases are part of interphase. | -During interphase the cell increases in size. The DNA of the chromosomes is replicated and centrosome is duplicated.
53
6 steps of M phase
- Prophase - prometaphase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase - cytokinesis
54
Prophase
Chromosomes start to condense, mitotic spindle forms, nucleolus disappears
55
Prometaphase
Mitotic spindle captures and organizes chromosomes, chromosomes finish condensing. -nuclear envelope breaks down releasing chromosomes
56
Metaphase
- Spindle lines chromosomes at middle of cell. | - Kinetochores are attached to microtubules at opposite spindle poles
57
Anaphase
- Sister chromatids seperate and are pulled to opposite ends | - Microtubules elongate and push apart (kinetochores also pull chromosomes towards poles)
58
Telophase
- Chromosomes start to decondense(return to "stringy" form) - Spindle disappears - Nuclear membrand re-forms and nucleolus reappears
59
3 cell cycle checkpoints
1. G2/M checkpoint 2. Spindle checkpoint 3. Restriction Checkpoint
60
G2/M Checkpoint
Unreplicated DNA will prevent entry into M phase (mitosis)
61
Spindle Checkpoint
Improper assembly of the mitotic spindle leads to arrest in anaphase (chromosomes not aligned properly)
62
restriction Checkpoint (G1 checkpoint)
Prevents entry into S phase until all DNA damage is repaired

CVM 6900 Micro Anatomy (2 decks)

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