CONFOCAL LASER SCANNING MICROSCOPE - function - disadvantages - useful for looking at

-can look at thin samples and intact samples - low resolution - only fluorescent objects cause artefacts - living cells - cell relationships

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE - function - disadvantages - useful for looking at

-surface in high resolution - resolution is lower - must be dead - expensive - object surface - 3D image

TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE - function - disadvantages - useful for looking at

-thin cross section of objects - cant be used on living thing - expensive - internal structure of objects - high resolution

COMPOUND MICROSCOPE - function - disadvantage - useful for looking at

- use visible light on a thin section of sample - low resolution - living things - cells an tissues

CELL STRUCTURE Flashcards by Georgia Lamb

Definition of a stain

Coloured chemicals that bind to molecules in a specimen

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What are the uses of stains?

makes cells visible
increases contrast as different components of a cell take up different amounts of stains
details inside cell can be seen (organelles can be ice identified)

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What are examples of stains?

METHYLENE BLUE
-all purpose stain, stains living cells blue
IODINE SOLUTION
-staining living plant cells
ACETIC ORCEIN
-staining nuclei and chromosomes
LIGHT GREEN
-stains plant cell walls green

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Differential staining definition

More than one stain, stains that bind to specific structures

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Resolution definition

Ability to distinguish between two separate points

-two objects closer together than 200nm is seen as one image under light microscope

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Magnification definition

Number of times larger the image size is compared to the real size of the object
Mag=image/acual

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What image is produced and what does a scanning electron microscope scan?

3D image

Surface of cell

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CONFOCAL LASER SCANNING MICROSCOPE

function
disadvantages
useful for looking at

-can look at thin samples and intact samples

low resolution
only fluorescent objects cause artefacts
living cells
cell relationships

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SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

function
disadvantages
useful for looking at

-surface in high resolution

resolution is lower
must be dead
expensive
object surface
3D image

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TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

function
disadvantages
useful for looking at

-thin cross section of objects

cant be used on living thing
expensive
internal structure of objects
high resolution

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COMPOUND MICROSCOPE

function
disadvantage
useful for looking at

use visible light on a thin section of sample
low resolution
living things
cells an tissues

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What are the uses of laser scanning microscopes?

developing drugs as not invasive
see specific parts of cells
can look at whole cell

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What does an electron microscope need to work?

How do you prepare the specimen?

Vacuum

Dehydrate using different solutions, coat in gold so it can attract electrons

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TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSPCOPE

what image does it produce?
what does it look at?
what passes through the specimen?

2D image
Inside of cell
Electron beam

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What is the structure and function of the nucleus?

Double membrane (nuclear envelope)- encloses DNA
Nucleus pores- allows molecules in to make DNA and RNa exit
Nucleoplasm (contains chromatin)- cell division
Nucleolus- manufactures ribosomes
Outer membrane continuous with room ER

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What is the structure and function of the ER?

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A system of hollow tubes and sacs
Rough ER- covered in ribosomes

-transport in cells, ribosomes synthesise proteins

What are the structure and function of ribosomes?

What are the different types?

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Two sub-units made of RNa and protein

protein synthesis
ribsosomes can move along mRNa

18nm=prokaryotic
22nm=eukaryotic

What is the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus?

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Flatterned membrane bound cavities called cisternae (stacked on top of eachother)

modifies (eg: carbohydrates)
package protein into vesicles

What is the structure and function of the lysosomes?

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Vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes

isolate potentially harmful enzymes
break down old organelles
break down cell once dead

What is the structure and function of mitochondrion?

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Double membrane- inner membrane folds to make cristae

isolates reactions in aerobic respiration for production of ATP
increase SA for enzymes to attach

What is the structure and function of chloroplasts?

Examples of cells containing them

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Double membrane
Membrane bound sacks (thykaloids) stacked into grana and connected by lamellae

-isolate photosynthesis reactions

> palisade cell
spongy mesophyll

What does the stroma contain?

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enzymes
starch grains
18nm ribosomes

What is the structure and function of centrioles?

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2 centrioles in all animal cells- at right angles to each other, adjacent to the nucleus
Composed of 3 set of microtubules

-form spindle fibres during nuclear division to control separation of chromatids and chromosomes

What is the structure and function of the vacuole?

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Absent in animal cells, common in plant cells
Membrane called a TONOPLAST
>contain cell sap (water, sugar, fat etc)

-maintain turgor for support and storage

What is the structure and function of the flagella and cilia? Examples

2 central microtubules surrounded by 9 pairs of microtubules -sliding of microtubules brings about movement (energy required) >trachea- waft mucus >oviduct- egg to uterus >udulippodia- sperm cell

What is the structure and function of the cytoskeleton?

Microtubules (fine, hollow tubes) Microfilaments (small, solid protein strand) - enable movement - support cell organelles - strengthen cell and maintain shape

What is the structure and function of the plant cell walls?

Rigid and permeable (strengthened by LIGNIN) - support - protection

Division of labour process

1. Proteins synthesised on rough ER 2. Proteins travel to cisternae (apart of rough ER) 3. Packaged proteins from the cisternae travels to the Golgi apparatus as a vesicle 4. In the Golgi, proteins are modified and packaged 5. From the Golgi the vesicle is released and exits through the cell SURFACE membrane

What are always present in prokaryotic cells?

- cell surface membrane - nucleoid (contains circular DNA) - cytoplasm (contains cytoskeleton) - ribosomes (18nm) - cell wall (made of cross linked PEPTIDOGLYCON

What is sometimes present in a prokaryotic cell?

- plasmids (small circular DNA (helps become resistant to antibiotics)) - pili- cell to cell attachment (or surfaces) - slime capsule (additional protection) - flagellum=movement

CELL STRUCTURE Flashcards

(30 cards)