Cell Structure And Function - Unit 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the definition of equilibrium?
A
When molecules are evenly spread throughout a space
2
Q
What is the definition of osmosis?
A
Diffusion of water (across a membrane)
3
Q
What is the definition of isotonic?
A
When equilibrium is reached between two solutions because they are the same/respect each other
Water moves in and out of the cell equally
4
Q
What is the definition of hypertonic?
A
Solution with greater concentration
Water moves out of the cell causing shriveling
5
Q
What is the definition of hypotonic?
A
Solution with lesser concentration
Water moves in to the cell causing swelling
6
Q
What is the definition of facilitated diffusion?
A
Process in which carrier proteins help molecules across the membrane
7
Q
What is the definition of endocytosis?
A
Cell takes in large particles by engulfing them
8
Q
What is the definition of phagocytosis?
A
“Cell eating”
Extensions of the cytoplasm surround a particle and package it into their vacuole then engulf it
9
Q
What is the definition of pinocytosis?
A
Process of taking up liquid from the surrounding environment, tiny pockets form along membrane, fill with liquid, and pinch off
10
Q
What is the definition of exocytosis?
A
Cell gets rid of particles (typically large/waste) by transport to the external environment
11
Q
What is the definition of solute?
A
Molecules that are dissolved in water (examples - salt and sugar)
12
Q
What is the definition of diffusion?
A
Process by which molecules are spread from areas of high concentration to low concentration
13
Q
Movement across a membrane that does not require energy is called _______ transport.
A
Passive
14
Q
Organelles that collects excess water inside the cell and force water out are called (____)
A
Contractile vacuoles
15
Q
The process of taking material into the cell by in folding the cell membrane is called (____)
A
Endocytosis
16
Q
In (____) diffusion membrane proteins help molecules across a membrane
A
Facilitated
17
Q
In diffusion do molecules spread out or condense?
A
Spread out
18
Q
The lipid bilayer describes (____)
A
The cell membrane
19
Q
Facilitated diffusion moves substances down their concentration gradient (___) using the cells energy
A
Without
20
Q
The difference in the concentration of a substance across a space is called a concentration ___________.
A
Gradient
21
Q
If there is concentration gradient, substances will move from an area of high concentration to an area of __________ concentration.
A
Low
22
Q
The cell membrane is ______________.
A
Selectively permeable
23
Q
___________ is the simplest type of passive transport.
A
Diffusion
24
Q
The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane is called ___________.
A
Osmosis
25
The direction of water movement across the cell membrane depends on the concentration of free water ____________.
Molecules
26
A solution that causes a cell to swell is called (____) solution
Hypotonic solution
27
What is the function of cell membrane?
Surrounds cell, holds it together, controls what goes in and out of the cell
28
What is the function of nucleus?
Provide cell direction (control center), holds DNA
29
What is the function of nuclear membrane?
Surrounds and protects nucleus
30
What is the function of nucleolus?
Involved with the synthesis of proteins
31
What is the function of endoplasmic reticulum? What is the difference between smooth and rough?
Carry materials through cytoplasm
Smooth: helps make lipids
Rough: transports protein
32
What is the function of ribosomes?
Area where proteins are synthesized.
33
What is the function of cytoskeleton?
"Internal skeleton"
| Holds shape and structure of cell, can use for movement in some cases
34
What is the function of centrioles?
Animal cells only
| Used in cell division
35
What is the function of mitochondria?
"Power plant"
| Provide energy for cell, area of cellular respiration
36
What is the function of Golgi apparatus/bodies?
Packages proteins, rids the cell of waste(exocytosis)
37
What is the function of lysosomes?
Breaks down larger molecules and cell parts into usable sizes, destroy harmful substances, hold digestive enzymes
38
What is the function of vacuole?
Storage space for water, sugar, minerals, and proteins, can increase in size for more storage.
39
What is the function of chloroplasts?
Only plant cells
| Site of photosynthesis, collect light energy, carry green pigments
40
What is the function of cell wall?
Only plant cells
| Non living, protect and support cell, composed of cellulose
41
What is the function of cytoplasm?
Cushions organelles, allow diffusion
42
What are structures only in plants and what are their functions?
- cell wall- provides shape and support for plant cells, composed of cellulose
- chloroplasts- the site of photosynthesis, stores light to make food, and has green pigment
*there are others too*
43
What are two structures only found in animals and their function?
- centrioles- used in cell division
- lysosomes- break down larger molecules into smaller usable molecules, destroy harmful substances, and hold digestive enzymes
44
In the diffusion lab, was the Baggie permeable to the iodine or the starch?
Iodine
45
What was the type of solution in the diffusion lab involving iodine and starch?
Hypotonic
46
What goes in/out of the three stages of cellular respiration? Where do each occur?
1) Glycolysis-where: cytosol (cytoplasm)
- in: 1 glucose, 2 ATP
- out: 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, 2 NADH, 2ATP
2) Krebs Cycle-where: mitochondria
- in: 2 pyruvic acid (acetyl CoA)
- out: 6 CO2, 2 ATP, 4 NADH
3) Electron Transport System-where: mitochondria
- in: NADH, oxygen
- out: 34 ATP, 6 H2O
47
What effect does temperature have on diffusion?
Speeds up
| Heat causes the molecule to speed up/move faster increasing the chance of bumping to be more likely
48
Where does filtration take place?
Glomerulus (also Bowmans capsule)
49
Where does reabsorption take place?
Proximal tubule (also, loop of Henley and distal tubule)
50
What is filtered out of our blood?
Glucose, amino acids, salt, water, hydrogen ions
51
What is reabsorbed from the filtrate?
Glucose, amino acids, water (most of it!)
52
Why do our kidneys reabsorb most of the filtrate?
Otherwise we would form 120mL of urine every minute and need to go bathroom all the time and we would need to consume at least 1 L of water every 10 minutes
53
What tube conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body?
Urethra
54
The primary function of the kidney is to _________ _________ from the ________.
Filter
Wastes
Blood
55
The functional unit of the kidneys is the _______.
Nephron
56
Any substance that increases urine production is called a(n) ______.
Diuretic
57
Dialysis is a procedure used on a person who has ________ failure.
Kidney
58
What tube connects the bladder to the kidney?
Ureter
59
What is the function of the glomerulus?
Filter water and other dissolved minerals in blood
60
What is the function of the distal tubule?
Missed filtrate is removed from the blood here, conducts urine away
61
What is the function of the proximal tubule?
Cells here remove water and nutrients from the filtrate for passing back into blood (reabsorption)
62
What ideas come from the cell theory?
- All cells come from pre-existing cells
- cells are the units of function in organisms
- cells are the units of structure in organisms.
63
What is the main color used by plants in photosynthesis?
Red blue and violet
64
Why are the dark reactions of photosynthesis named this?
Because they do not require light
65
Where does cell respiration occur?
In the mitochondria and Cytosol
66
During passive transport small molecules pass through a selectively permeable membrane by what?
Diffusion
67
From areas low to high concentration is an example of what kind of transport?
Active transport
68
Compared to aerobic respiration anaerobic respiration produces what?
Less energy
69
What is released during aerobic cellular respiration?
CO2
70
What will happen to a red blood cell when it is placed in a concentrated salt solution?
It will lose water by osmosis, shrink and die
71
In human white blood cells what process are foreign particles engulfed by?
Phagocytosis
72
Where is the energy most directly available for use by living cells stored in?
ATP
73
What occurs to light energy in the light reaction of photosynthesis?
It is absorbed by chlorophyll and transformed into chemical energy
74
What is muscle fatigue and soreness largely caused by?
An accumulation of lactic acid
75
How many ATP are produced in the Krebs cycle?
2
76
What is the next preferred energy source in animals after glycogen?
Fats
77
Does the solubility of solute affect the rate of diffusion?
No
78
What does affect the rate of diffusion?
Concentration of solute, temperature, and pressure
79
Where do light reactions occur?
In the grana
80
Which cell is considered more complex, eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
Eukaryotic
81
What type of cells is the human body made up of?
Eukaryotic
82
What is the purpose of the Calvin cycle?
To produce glucose
83
What type of transport involves energy to move substances across a membrane?
Active transport
84
What is the control center of all cell activity?
The nucleus
85
What organelle is usually present in higher numbers in a muscle cell to provide energy?
The mitochondria
86
What do you plant cells have that animal cells do not?
A cell wall
87
What is considered to be the powerhouse of the cell?
The mitochondria
88
What is not produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis A. oxygen B. Carbon dioxide C. ATP D. NADPH and H+
B. Carbon dioxide
89
In the absence of oxygen what do animal cells convert glucose to?
They convert glucose to lactic acid
90
Why is fermentation important?
It is important because energy can be released in the absence of oxygen.
91
What controls the entry and exit of substances into and out of the cell?
The plasma membrane
92
What is a vesicle that contains digestive enzymes?
Lysosomes
93
What is a saclike structure that packages materials?
Golgi bodies
94
In a cell where is protein synthesis common?
Ribosomes
95
What are cell to secretions packaged by?
Golgi bodies
96
What is the correct sequence of steps involved in cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain
97
What is the body of the cell outside the nucleus called?
Cytoplasm
98
Numerous channels with in the cytoplasm of a cell appear to be formed by a membranous network called the _______.
Endoplasmic reticulum
99
```
Oxygen is used.
A. Occurs in light reaction
B. Occurs in dark reaction
C. Occurs in both reactions
D. Occurs in neither
```
D
100
```
Carbon dioxide is used.
A. Occurs in light reaction
B. Occurs in dark reaction
C. Occurs in both reactions
D. Occurs in neither
```
B
101
```
Glucose is broken down by fermentation
A. Occurs in light reaction
B. Occurs in dark reaction
C. Occurs in both reactions
D. Occurs in neither
```
D
102
```
The process can occur in the absence of oxygen
A. Cellular respiration
B. Fermentation
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
```
B
103
```
Oxygen is used
A. Cellular respiration
B. Fermentation
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
```
A
104
```
Glucose is used
A. Cellular respiration
B. Fermentation
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
```
C
105
```
The process occurs in all living things
A. Cellular respiration
B. Fermentation
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
```
A
106
```
Energy is released in the absence of oxygen
A. Cellular respiration
B. Fermentation
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
```
B
107
```
Energy is released in presence of oxygen
A. Cellular respiration
B. Fermentation
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
```
A
108
```
Alcohol may be produced
A. Cellular respiration
B. Fermentation
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
```
B
109
```
Carbon dioxide is used
A. Cellular respiration
B. Fermentation
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
```
D
110
```
The process occurs in mitochondria
A. Cellular respiration
B. Fermentation
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
```
C
111
```
ATP is used as an energy carrier
A. Cellular respiration
B. Fermentation
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
```
C
112
```
The process occurs as a series of reactions rather than a single
A. Cellular respiration
B. Fermentation
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
```
C
113
```
Phosphates are involved
A. Cellular respiration
B. Fermentation
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
```
C
114
```
Enzymes are involved
A. Cellular respiration
B. Fermentation
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
```
C
115
```
ATP is synthesized
A. Cellular respiration
B. Fermentation
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
```
C
116
```
Carbon dioxide is produced
A. Cellular respiration
B. Fermentation
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
```
C
117
```
Energy is released
A. Cellular respiration
B. Fermentation
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
```
C
118
```
Pigments are necessary
A. Cellular respiration
B. Fermentation
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
```
D
119
In diffusion molecules tend to move from _______ to _______ concentration.
High to low
120
The molecule that passes electrons to the electron transport system during aerobic cellular respiration in living cells is ______.
NADH
121
```
Which of these organelles is the largest and most easily seen in a microscope?
A. Mitochondria
B. Ribosome
C. Nucleus
D. Chloroplast
```
C
122
The flattened sacs within a chloroplast are called?
Thylakoids
123
The fluid filled space about the grams in chloroplasts is called the _______.
Stroma
124
What plant organelle provides support to the cell?
Vacuole
125
Which cells (observed in class) had palisade and spongey layers?
Monocot/dicot leaf cells
126
What is the final acceptor in the electron transport chain?
Oxygen
127
What will ribosomes be attached to if they aren't floating freely?
Endoplasmic reticulum
128
In what structure can cellulose be found?
Cell wall
129
The two main kidney areas are:
Cortez and medulla
