Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology eduquas > cell structure and organisation > Flashcards

cell structure and organisation Flashcards

1
Q

mitochondria structure

A
  • 5um long
  • 2 membranes
  • fluid filled intermembrane space, folded inwards = cristae
  • circle of DNA
  • matrix contains lipids, proteins, enzymes
  • 70s ribosomes
  • large SA:V
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

mitochondria function

A
  • ribosomes for protein synthesis
  • DNA allows replication
  • produces ATP for aerobic respiration
  • enzymes for respiration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

ribosomes strucutre

A
  • 70s = prokaryote, 80s = eukaryote
  • 1 large, 1 small subunit
  • assembled in nucleolus from rRNA and protein
  • pass out into cytoplasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ribosomes function

A
  • site of protein synthesis
  • read mRNA sequence
  • translate genetic code into amino acids which fold into proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

golgi body strucutre

A
  • fluid filled, flattened sacs
  • surrounded by vesicles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

features of mitochondria and their significance

A
  • looped DNA = codes for essential proteins in respiration
  • 70s ribosomes = translate DNA to produce proteins
  • cristae (infoldings) = increase SA of inner membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

golgi body function

A
  • modify, process, package proteins
  • transport and store lipids
  • produce secretory enzymes, e.g. lysosome
  • secrete carbohydrase for plant cell walls
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

lysosome structure

A
  • small, temporary vesicles
  • single membrane
  • contain digestive enzymes
  • pinch off golgi body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

lysosome function

A
  • digestive enzymes breakdown / recycle cellular waste and unwanted material
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

nucleolus structure

A
  • spherical structure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

nucleolus function

A
  • produces and assembles ribosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

nucleus structure

A
  • double membrane form nuclear envelope
  • pores allow large molecules to leave (mRNA, ribosomes)
  • contains DNA
  • contains nucleoplasm
  • contains nucleolus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is nucleoplasm?

A
  • granular material in the nucleus
  • contains chromatin (coils of DNA)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

nucleus function

A
  • controls and regulates activities of the cell
  • contains cells genetic material
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

chromatin structure

A
  • chain of nucleosomes
  • coils of DNA that condense into chromosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

chromatin function

A
  • package DNA into the tight/small space of the nucleus
  • condense into chromosomes during cell division
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

plasmodesmata structure

A
  • fine strands of cytoplasm
  • extend through pores in plant cell walls
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

plasmodesmata function

A
  • facilitate movement of molecules between cells
  • allow communication between cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

endoplasmic reticulum strucutre

A
  • double membrane
  • flattened sacs with fluid filled spaces (the cristernae)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

rough er structure

A
  • series of flattened sacs enclosed by a membrane
  • ribosomes on the surface
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

rough er function

A
  • folds and processes proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

smooth er structure

A
  • system of membrane bound sacs that lack ribosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

smooth er function

A
  • synthesis and transport of lipids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

centrioles strucutre

A
  • hollow cylinders
  • rings of microtubules
  • in animals and plant cells (absent in higher plants)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
centrioles function
- organise microtubules that make spindle fibres in cell division
26
chloroplasts structure
- 2 membranes form chloroplast envelope - fluid filled stroma contains photosynthesis products - 70s ribosomes - circular DNA - chlorophyll found on flattened sacs, thylakoids - stacks of thylakoids = grana
27
chloroplast function
- can make proteins and self replicate - contains photosynthetic pigment to capture sunlight and convert into energy
28
vacuole structure
- large, permanent fluid filled sac - bound by single membrane = tonoplast - sap stores nutrients, water, chemicals
29
vacuole function
- maintains pressure in plant cells - supports plant cell walls - prevents wilting
30
nuclear envelope strucutre
- double membrane of the nucleus
31
nuclear envelope function
- prevents genetic material mixing with cytoplasm
32
RER vs SER
- RER has ribosomes on outer surface (SER doesn't) - RER facilitates protein synthesis (SER synthesises lipids) - RER provides transport (SER provides storage and transport)
33
chloroplast adaptations for photosynthesis
- granal membrane = large SA - fluid in stroma contains enzymes and sugars - chloroplasts have DNA and ribosomes for rapid protein synthesis
34
how are organelles interrelated?
- nucleus contains chromosomes where DNA encodes proteins - nuclear pores in nuclear envelope allow mRNA to leave nucleus and attach to ribosomes - ribosomes contain rRNA transcribed from DNA in nucleolus - protein synthesis occurs on ribosomes - polypeptides made on ribosomes move through RER and pack into vesicles that bud of the golgi body - golgi body produces vesicles containing proteins - phospholipids and triglycerides move through SER
35
organelle definition
- specialised structure with a specific function inside a cell - work together to carry out functions
36
eukaryotic definition
- distinct nucleus - membrane bound organelles - animal or plant cells - 80s ribosomes - large SA for enzymes
37
prokaryotic definition
- single celled - lack membrane bound organelles - DNA free in cytoplasm - reproduce by binary fission - all life functions in 1 cell - no mitochondria or nucleus
38
plant cell wall structure
- cellulose held together into fibres embedded in a matrix
39
plant cell wall function
- transport: gaps between fibres = permeable to water and dissolved substances. - mechanical strength: cellulose microfibres are strong and resist expansion - communication: pores allow strands of cytoplasm (plasmodesmata) to pass, creating the symplast pathway
40
prokaryotes strucutre
- 70s ribosomes - cytoplasm - cell membrane - cell wall - DNA in nucleoid region - small - single celled
41
cell wall in bacteria (prokaryote)
- rigid outer covering - made of peptidoglycan
42
capsule in bacteria (prokaryote)
- protective slimy layer - retains moisture - allows organism to adhere to other surfaces
43
plasmid in bacteria (prokaryote)
- circular piece of DNA
44
flagellum in bacteria (prokaryote)
- tail like structure - rotates to move cell
45
pili in bacteria (prokaryote)
- hair like structure - attract other bacterial cells / adhere
46
mesosomes in bacteria (prokaryote)
- infoldings of inner membrane - contains enzymes for respiration - increase SA
47
what is a virus?
non-living microorganism consists of nucleic acid enclosed in a protective protein husk (capsid) lipid layer forms an envelope - acellular
48
what do viruses do?
invade cells take over cells metabolism use host cells machinery to replicate
49
structure of a virus
- core of nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) - surrounded by a protein coat, CAPSID (coded by viral genes)
50
what is the cell theory
- new cells are formed from other existing cells - cells are the fundamental unit for life (structure, function, organisation of living organisms) - cells contain genetic material transferred to daughter cells
51
levels of organisation
- groups of cells with a shared specific function are arranged into tissues - several types of tissues combine to from an organ - multiple organs come together to form an organ systems - organ systems make up an organism
52
differentiation definition
development of a cell into a specific type becoming specialised in structure and reactions
53
tissue definition
group of cells working together with a common function, structure and origin
54
organ definition
several tissues in a structural unit work together to form a specific function
55
organ system definition
group of organs work together with a particular role
56
organism definition
all bodily systems working together forming a discrete individual
57
what is epithelial tissue?
- continuous layer lining internal and external surfaces - no blood vessels - some have nerve endings - sit on a basement membrane - protective or sensory function
58
types of epithelial tissues
- simple cuboidal - columnar - squamous
59
what is simple cuboidal epithelial tissue?
- cube shaped - 1 cell thick - in PCT and salivary glands - can be ciliated
60
what is columnar epithelial tissue?
- elongated cells - line tubes (e.g. trachea,oviduct) allowing substances through - may have cilia
61
what is squamous epithelial tissue?
- flattened cells on basement membrane - form walls of alveoli - line Bowman's capsule
62
what are ciliated epithelial?
- contain goblet cells - secrete mucus - move harmful particles out the body
63
types of muscle tissue
- skeletal (striated) - smooth - cardiac
64
what is skeletal muscle tissue?
- generates movement - bands of long fibres - produce powerful, voluntary contractions - tire easily - striped / striated
65
what is smooth muscle tissue?
- individual spindle shaped cells - contract rhythmically - in skin - in blood vessel walls - involuntary contractions - weaker
66
what is cardiac muscle tissue?
- only in the heart - striped cells but lack long fibres (of skeletal) - contract rhythmically without nerve/hormone stimulation - contractions can be modified - don't tire
67
what is connective tissue?
- connects, supports or separates tissues and organs - elastic and collagen fibres - e.g. bones, tendon, blood cell
68
adaptions of epithelial cells
- microvilli; increase SA for absorption of nutrients - thin; decreases diffusion distance for gas exchange - ciliated; moves mucus out of breathing system
69
capsule vs capsid
- capsid: outer protective layer of a virus - capsule: outer protective layer of bacteria
70
structure of human cell vs virus (3)
- humans genetic material is DNA, virus only has RNA - human cell has cell membrane, virus has capsid - human cell has nucleus, virus doesn't - human cell has membrane bound organelles, virus has no organelles - human cell has chromosomes, viruses don't
71
how is viral RNA replicated? (3)
- RNA released from virus capsid inside host cell - RNA polymerase reads base sequence on virus RNA - free RNA nucleotides pair with nucleotides on virus RNA - complementary base pairing - RNA polymerase catalyses formation of RNA molecule
72
how is viral RNA used to make viral protein molecules? (3)
- replicated viral RNA attaches to ribosome - tRNA matches anticodon to codons on viral RNA - complementary base paring - tRNA brings amino acids to ribosome - amino acids joining by peptide bonds = polypeptide
73
why is a virus not considered to be a cell?
it is acellular it has no membrane bound organelles

Biology eduquas (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions