Cell structure and organisation

Question 1

1. What is a cell organelle?

Answer 1

Functionally and structurally distinct features within a cells cytoplasm

Question 2

2. What is the purpose of membranes within the cell?

Question 3

3. Why might it be correct to state that the cell wall is not an organelle?

Answer 3

The cell wall is not found within the cytoplasm.

Question 4

4. Which is the largest cell organelle?

Answer 4

Nucleus

Question 5

5. What is chromatin made of?

Answer 5

DNA

Question 6

6. What is the function of the nuclear pores?

Answer 6

To allow mRNA and ribosomes out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm

Question 7

7. What does the nucleolus manufacture?

Answer 7

Synthesis of Ribosomal subunits and rRNA

Question 8

8. State two functions of DNA.

Answer 8

Codes for protein synthesis and DNA Replication

Question 9

9. What is the term applied to the two membranes surrounding the nucleus?

Answer 9

Nuclear envelope

Question 10

10. What is the function of the nuclear envelope?

Answer 10

Encloses the chromatin (genetic material)

Question 11

1. What is the function of mitochondria?

Answer 11

Respiration (ATP synthesis)

Question 12

2. What is the significance of the cristae?

Answer 12

Increase surface area for ATP synthesis

Question 13

3. What is the fluid in the centre of a mitochondrion called?

Answer 13

Matrix

Question 14

4. What is the space between the inner and outer membrane of a mitochondrion called?

Answer 14

Inter-membrane space

Question 15

5. What are the membranes within a chloroplast called?

Answer 15

Thylakoids

Question 16

6. What is a stack of thylakoids called?

Answer 16

Granum

Question 17

7. What is the fluid surrounding the thylakoids called?

Answer 17

Stroma

Question 18

8. What is stored within chloroplasts?

Answer 18

Chlorophyll

Question 19

9. What is the function of the circular DNA within chloroplasts and mitochondria?

Answer 19

Code for the production of proteins typically enzymes

Question 20

10. What type of ribosomes are present in chloroplasts and mitochondria?

Answer 20

70s Ribosomes
(Like prokaryotic organisms: Endosymbiosis theory)

Question 21

1. What is the difference in structure between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 21

Rough ER has 80s Ribosomes attached to its surface whereas smooth ER does not.
SER cisternae are more tubular than RER.

Question 22

2. What is the difference in function between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 22

Rough ER synthesises, folds and modifies proteins

Smooth ER synthesises, stores and transports Lipids and Carbohydrates

Question 23

3. State two functions of the Golgi Body.

Answer 23

Modification and packaging of proteins and lipids

Question 24

4. Within which structures do proteins travel from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi Body?

Answer 24

Through the cell cytoplasm in transport vesicles

Question 25

5. What do lysosomes contain?

Answer 25

Digestive enzymes

Question 26

6. What is the difference between the vacuoles in plant and animal cells?

Answer 26

Plants have a large central vacuole. Animal cells do not typically have a vacuole

Question 27

7. What is the membrane called that surrounds the vacuole in plant cells?

Answer 27

Tonoplast

Question 28

8. What is the function of the vacuole in a plant cell?

Answer 28

Contains cell sap, stores solutes like glucose and swells due to osmosis for turgidity

Question 29

1. What size are the ribosomes in plant and animal cells?

Answer 29

80s

Question 30

2. What is the function of a ribosome?

Answer 30

Protein synthesis

Question 31

3. Which type of cells contain centrioles?

Answer 31

Animal cells

Question 32

4. Describe centrioles.

Answer 32

There are made of microtubules of spindle fibres.

Question 33

5. What is the function of centrioles?

Answer 33

Form spindle during cell division

Question 34

6. Which type of cells have a cellulose cell wall?

Answer 34

Plant cells

Question 35

7. How does the structure of cellulose make it suitable for a cell wall?

Answer 35

Cellulose microfibrils have high tensile strength, which resists pressure within the cell and prevents plant cells from bursting

Question 36

8. Describe the permeability of the cell wall.

Answer 36

Permeable to MOST molecules

Question 37

9. What is the term for the gaps in the cell wall that connect plant cells together?

Answer 37

Plasmodesmata - Allows for cell to cell communication

Question 38

1. What does cell theory state?

Answer 38

- All living organisms are comprised of 1 or more cells. - They are the basic unit of life - Cells can only arise from pre-existing cells

Question 39

2. What is the main difference between a eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell?

Answer 39

Eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles whereas prokaryotic cells do not

Question 40

3. What is the difference in ribosomes between a eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell?

Answer 40

Eukaryotic: 80s Ribosomes Prokaryotic: 70s Ribosomes

Question 41

4. Give two ways in which the DNA in eukaryotes and prokaryotes differs?

Answer 41

Eukaryotes: Linear DNA is associated with histones and is bound by the nuclear envelope. Prokaryotes: Circular DNA is not associated with proteins (naked) and exists freely in the cytoplasm of the cell in the nucleoid area. (Some also carry an additional ring of DNA called a plasmid)

Question 42

5. Where does aerobic respiration take place in prokaryotes?

Answer 42

Mitochondria

Question 43

6. What is the cell wall made of in prokaryotes?

Answer 43

Peptidoglycan

Question 44

7. Describe the structure of a virus.

Answer 44

Non-cells, as they have no organelles, no chromosomes, no cytoplasm, no cell membrane, nor metabolism. (Akaryotes) - Consists of a protein coat (Capsid) and nucleic acid (either RNA or DNA) - Cannot replicate without a host since it has no ribosomes to synthesise proteins and no mitochondria to produce ATP.

Question 45

8. What does lytic cycle mean?

Answer 45

Viral reproduction uses a host cell to manufacture more viruses, then the viruses burst out cell.

Question 46

1. Define the term “tissue”.

Answer 46

An aggregation of similar cells with the same function.

Question 47

2. What is the difference between a tissue and an organ.

Answer 47

An organ is a group of tissues working together with the same overall function.

Question 48

3. Why is an artery an organ but a capillary a tissue?

Answer 48

An artery consists of multiple layers of different tissue, whereas the capillary is a single layer of endothelial cells

Question 49

4. Where would you find squamous epithelial tissue and how is it’s shape important?

Answer 49

Alveoli and the Bowmans capsule in the kidney nephron

Question 50

5. What does a goblet cell make and which organelles would you expect to be abundant in one?

Answer 50

Mucus Abundance of Ribosomes as mucus is made up of proteins

Question 51

6. Where would you find ciliated epithelial tissue what do the cilia do?

Answer 51

The lining of the trachea and respiratory system to move mucus and dust out lungs in a sweeping motion.

Question 52

7. What is the difference between striated and smooth muscle?

Answer 52

Striated is for voluntary muscle contractions attached to bones via tendons, such as flexing the bicep, whereas Smooth is for involuntary contractions, such as the gut.

Question 53

8. What is the difference between striated and cardiac muscle?

Answer 53

Striated muscles are voluntary contractions attached to bones via tendons. Cardiac is a specialised striated muscle, BUT it involuntarily contracts and is described as myogenic since it rhythmically contracts and relaxes without external stimulus.

Question 54

9. What is the function of the collagen fibres in connective tissue?

Answer 54

Collagen fibres provide mechanical strength. It is NOT elastic. Examples: -Tendons (Bones to muscles) -Ligaments (Bones to -Bones) -Adipose tissue -Blood -Bones -Cartilage

Question 55

10. What is an organ system?

Answer 55

A group of organs working together for a particular role