Cell Structure and Varieties

Question 1

Define a cell

Answer 1

An aqueous mixture of chemicals bound by a small membrane with reproductive capacity

Question 2

What is the cell diameter range?

Answer 2

1-100um

Question 3

What are the size differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic ones?

Answer 3

Pro = 0.2-2.0um
Eu = 10-100um

Question 4

When it comes to carbon source, where does organism labelling differ?

Answer 4

Hetero means living carbon source, autotroph means inorganic compound

Question 5

What is a lithotroph and organotroph?

Answer 5

Lithotroph is a chemoautotroph and organotroph is a chemoheterotroph

Question 6

Who built the first microscope?

Answer 6

hooke

Question 7

Who are the two investigators that led up to cell theory?

Answer 7

Schwann - Animals are made of cells
Schleiden - Plants are made of cells

Question 8

What is cell theory (1838) and what is the addition?

Answer 8

Cells are the fundamental units for life
All living organisms are composed of cells
All cells come from preexisting cells
Addition:
Modern cells evolved from a common ancestor

Question 9

What kind of microscope is used to visualize living cells? What is its mag?

Answer 9

A light microscope has a resolution of about 200nm., or 1000x human

Question 10

What are the 6 types of light microscopy?

Answer 10

1. Bright field microscopy
2. Phase contrast microscopy
3. Differential inference contrast microscopy
4. stained bright field microscopy
5. fluorescence microscopy
6. confocal microscopy

Question 11

Describe Bright field microscopy

Answer 11

Light directly through the cells, low contrast, low details

Question 12

Describe Phase contrast microscopy

Answer 12

Contrast is increased through refraction

Question 13

Describe Differential inference contrast microscopy

Answer 13

Two beams of light to make a shadow

Question 14

describe stained bright field microscopy

Answer 14

bright field but stained

Question 15

describe fluorescence microscopy

Answer 15

microscopy with light stimulating a fluorescent material/dye

Question 16

describe confocal microscopy

Answer 16

fluorescence microscopy except with a manipulation of light that gives a sharper 2D image

Question 17

What is a electron microscope?

Answer 17

It directs electrons through a vacuum at a screen to create an image

Question 18

What is the resolution of an electron microscope?

Answer 18

2nm, 100,000x human

Question 19

What are the two types of electron microscopes?

Answer 19

TEM(transmission) and SEM(scanning)

Question 20

What is the drawback of electron microscopy?

Answer 20

Only deals with dead cells

Question 21

What is TEM?

Answer 21

Magnets shooting electrons at an object that absorbs them or not

Question 22

What is SEM?

Answer 22

Electrons being shot at samples that release more electrons that are measured

Question 23

What is cytosol?

Answer 23

The fluid inside the cytoplasm (everything but the nucleus) that is not contained.

Question 24

What is the structural difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Answer 24

Prokaryotes have no organelles

Question 25

What 4 things do all prokaryotic cells have?

Answer 25

1. Cell membrane 2. Nucleoid 3. Cytoplasm 4. Ribosomes

Question 26

What would a prokaryotic cell wall and capsule be made of?

Answer 26

Cell wall - peptidoglycan Capsule - Polysaccharides

Question 27

What are the three functions of prokaryotic cell capsules?

Answer 27

1. Protect from attack 2. Keep from drying out 3. Help bacteria attach to other cells

Question 28

What is the structural difference between a gram positive or gram negative bacteria?

Answer 28

Gram positive bacteria have thick peptidoglycan layers but no lipid layer, and gram negative have thin peptidoglycan layers and a lipid membrane

Question 29

What are the two bacterial cytoskeleton proteins?

Answer 29

MreB, FtsZ at site of division

Question 30

What is the difference between fimbriae and pili?

Answer 30

Pili are bigger and used for genetic exchange

Question 31

What is the flagellum responsible and what is it composed of?

Answer 31

It is responsible for the motility of the bacteria and is composed of Flagellin protein

Question 32

What are the three parts of a flagellum?

Answer 32

The basal body, hook, and filament

Question 33

What happens in the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 33

Protein/lipid synthesis

Question 34

What is the purpose of the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 34

It packages and distributes proteins

Question 35

What is the purpose of the lysosome vs endosomes?

Answer 35

lysosomes deal with intracellular degradation, and endosomes sort exocytosed matter

Question 36

What process creates ATP in the mitochondria?

Answer 36

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 37

What do peroxisomes do?

Answer 37

They oxidize toxic molecules

Question 38

Describe the structure of a nucleus

Answer 38

The nucleolus is surrounded by the nucleoplasm, which is under the nuclear lamina contained by the nuclear envelope, with holes called nuclear pore. Chromosomes and chromatin are found in the nucleoplasm.

Question 39

What happens in the nucleolus?

Answer 39

Ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribogenesis (ribosome assembly)

Question 40

What is nuclear lamina involved in?

Answer 40

DNA replication, RNA transcription, organization, cell development, assembly, reproduction

Question 41

What is progeria?

Answer 41

It is a genetic condition of rapid ageing in children

Question 42

What are chromosomes made of?

Answer 42

Chromatin