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MFM I > Cell Structure/Function > Flashcards

Cell Structure/Function Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

Cell

A

Smallest unit of life

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2
Q

2 basic groups of life

A

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

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3
Q

What do prokaryotes not have?

A
  1. Nucleus

2. Membrane-bound organelles

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4
Q

Where is DNA stored in prokaryotes?

A

In the nucleoid region - tethered to the membrane

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5
Q

Prokaryotic membrane is encased by…

A

Cell wall

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6
Q

Purpose of cell wall

A

Protection

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7
Q

What is the cell wall made of?

A

Peptidoglycan

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8
Q

Structure of peptidoglycan

A

Carbohydrate backbones crossed with peptide bridges

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9
Q

2 classes of antibiotics that inhibit cell wall formation

A

Beta lactams (penicillin) and Glycopeptide antibiotics (vancomycin)

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10
Q

Organelles of the eukaryotic cell

A

PM, GA, ER, nucleus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria

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11
Q

Differences between PC and EC

A
  1. unicellular vs. multi-
  2. Cell wall vs. no cw
  3. No organelles vs. organelles
  4. No nucleus/eolus vs. present
  5. single, circular DNA vs chromosomal arrangement
  6. very small vs. large comparatively
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12
Q

Another name for PM

A

plasmalemma

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13
Q

Phospholipid structure

A

hydrophilic head linked to glycerol via a phosphate group and two long, nonpolar hc tails (FA origination)

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14
Q

Integral MP

A

permanently associated with M

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15
Q

Peripheral MP

A

transiently associated with M

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16
Q

Major components of plasma membrane

A

Lipids and Proteins

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17
Q

Percentages of different lipids that make up PM

A

75% - phospholipids
20% - cholesterol
5% - glycolipids - face extracellular environ

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18
Q

How much volume of the membrane do proteins take up?

A

50%

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19
Q

5 major phospholipids

A 
Phosphatidylethanolamine
Phosphatidlyserine
Phosphatidylcholine
Sphingomyelin
Sphingosine
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20
Q

Other type of phospholipid

A

Phosphoinositides - not abundant in PM but help with signaling and vesicle transport

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21
Q

Enzymes that allow flipping over of PLs

A

flippases

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22
Q

Structure of glycolipid

A

sphingosine backbone with short carb molecule attached

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23
Q

Roles of glycolipids

A

Cell recognition and used to determine blood type

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24
Q

Examples of glycolipids

A

Cerebrosides - muscle/nerve cell

Gangliosides - nerve cell

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25
Main function of lipids in PM
Interaction with cell signaling pathway
26
Functions of cholesterol
Fill spaces between PLs and make the PM more rigid/less permeable
27
4 ways in which proteins associate with PM
1. Transmembrane - integral 2. Monolayer-associated - integral 3. Lipid-linked 4. Protein-attached
28
4 functional classes of transmembrane proteins
1. Transporters 2. Anchors 3. Receptors 4. Enzymes
29
What can diffuse across PM?
Small nonpolar and uncharged polar molecules
30
What cannot diffuse across PM?
Large uncharged polar molecules and ions
31
Concentrations of K, Cl, Na, and Ca intra vs extracellular
More of everything outside the cell except K
32
Is the nucleus enclosed by 1 or 2 membranes?
2 - inner and outer nuclear membrane (INM and ONM)
33
ONM
continuous with the ER
34
INM
associated with matrix of lamin family proteins known as the nuclear lamina
35
nuclear lamina
contributes to nucleus rigidity and shape
36
Nucleolus contents
composed of rRNA and proteins
37
Progeria
caused by mutation within lamin A gene
38
Lamin A gene
one of the nuclear lamina proteins - helps support rigidity and shape of nucleus
39
Progerin
mutated form of the lamin A protein - formed due to use of cryptic splice site
40
How many membranes does the mitochondria have?
2 - an inner and an outer
41
Inner membrane of mitochondria
is 5x greater in surface area due to foldings called cristae
42
Do all cells have the same number of mito?
No, ones that are more metabolically driven require more - ex. liver cells
43
Matrix
innermost part of the mitochondria
44
3 main functions of the mito
1. Power plants (provide ATP energy, machine for oxidative phosphorylation, and components of TCA cycle found in matrix) 2. Contain enzymes needed for metabolic processes (beta oxidation, heme and steroid synthesis) 3. Contain molecules involved in apoptosis
45
Who contributes mito DNA to offspring?
the mother (maternal inheritance), no genetic recombination occurs
46
What DNA is used by the mito?
mDNA - for some but not all protein production | nuclear DNA - the rest of the proteins needed
47
Structure of mtDNA
circular
48
mitochondrial myopathies
mitochondrial diseases dealing with the muscles, symptoms occur once more mutant mtDNA is formed than normal
49
Which has higher mutation rate: nuclear DNA or mtDNA?
mtDNA mostly due to lack of repair mechanisms
50
Symptoms of mitochondrial myopathies
drooping eyelids, inability to use muscle, trouble swallowing, limb weakness
51
hydrolases
digestive enzymes found within lysosomes
52
lysosomes
the stomach of the cell filled with hydrolases, acidic environment within, very important within immune cells
53
lysosomal storage diseases
1. autosomal recessive, 2. result from defect within hydrolases, leading to accumulation of substances 3. increased mass of cell or degeneration in brain cells
54
Who does LSDs affect the most?
children, die within a few years of birth
55
Tests for LSDs
1. test for reduced hydrolase levels 2. loss of enzymatic activity 3. accumulation of enzyme in the blood
56
Tay-Sachs Disease
caused by deficiency in hexosaminidase A (Hex A) enzyme, infantile Tay-Sachs (most common) causes neurological degen at around 3-6 months and continues until death (2-4 yrs), characterized by cherry-red spot on the retina
57
hexosaminidase A
enzyme that normally breaks down ganglioside in the brain, deficiency leads to neuronal cell death due to accumulation
58
Hurler Syndrome
caused by defect in alpha-L-iduronidase enzyme (found in lysosomes), exhibit skeletal abnormalities and mental retardation
59
alpha-L-iduronidase
normally found in lysosomes and break down glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), defects result in acc of GAGs - can be detected in urine
60
peroxisomes
organelles with reactions to form H2O2, breakdown VLCFA - beta oxidation, contains enzyme catalase, catalyzes rxns to form plasmalogen, abundant in liver/kidney cells
61
catalase
peroxisomal enzyme, converts H2O2 to H2O and O2
62
peroxisomal biogenesis disorders
autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations within peroxins, results in acc of VLCFAs ex. Zellweger syndrome
63
Peroxins
proteins involved in formation of peroxisomes
64
Zellweger Syndrome
a peroxisomal biogenesis disorder 1. impaired brain development 2. liver and kidney lesions 3. diagnosed by acc of VLCFAs 4. usually fatal within a year
65
unfolded protein response
quality control for newly synthesized secretory proteins - incorrect protein formation leads to shutdown of protein synthesis or apoptosis of cell
66
Where is calcium mainly stored?
In the ER (sarcoplasmic reticulum)
67
What does the signal sequence do?
directs the ribosome to the ER during translation
68
Golgi apparatus
source of secretory vesicles, cis face receives transport vesicles and trans face releases secretory vesicles
69
3 main functions of GA
1. modifications 2. packaging 3. sorting
70
I-cell disease
rare inherited condition characterized by defective physical growth and mental retardation caused by deficiency in phosphorylating enzyme found in GA
71
mechanism of I-cell disease
lysosomal enzymes remain unphosphorylated due to defect in GA phosphorylating enzyme (GlcNac-1-phosphotransferase). Leads to enzyme going outside the membrane instead of going to lysosome, found in the blood children on survive for 5-7 years

MFM I (2 decks)

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