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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Cell Structure, Growth & Development, and Function (Ch. 5-7) > Flashcards

Cell Structure, Growth & Development, and Function (Ch. 5-7) Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell

A

The smallest living unit of matter that makes up all living things

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2
Q

Nucleus

A

Central, spherical double-membrane container

Contains DNA; Controls all the other functions of the cell

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3
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Network of canals and sacs extending from the nucleus

Folds and synthesizes proteins and sends them to the Golgi apparatus

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4
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Stack of flattened sacs surrounded by vesicles

“Post Office” - Processes and packages molecules for export or use within the cell

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5
Q

Mitochondria

A

Small membrane capsule containing a highly folded membrane embedded with enzymes

“Power plant” - breaks down molecules to make ATP for the cell to use for energy

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6
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Contain enzymes that detoxify harmful substances in the cell; found in the liver and kidneys

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7
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contain digestive enzymes that break down defective cell parts; can kill lots of things at a time

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8
Q

Proteasomes

A

Destroys misfolded proteins; one at a time

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9
Q

Ribosomes

A

Make proteins

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10
Q

Vesicles

A

Transport molecules throughout the cell

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11
Q

Centrosome

A

Part of the cytoskeleton that has two cylindrical groups of microtubules called “centrioles”

Microtubule Organizing Center (MTOC); make and organize microtubules

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12
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Support the framework of the cell and help the cell move; made of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

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13
Q

Microfilaments

A

Smallest cell fibers; “cell muscles”; help cells contract and move

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14
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

Thicker than microfilaments; supporting framework

They keep the organelles in place; There are a lot of them in cells that move a lot (epithelial)

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15
Q

Microtubules

A

“Cell roads”; thickest cell fibers; tunnels to transport molecules around in the cell

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16
Q

4 functions of the cell membrane

A

1) Transport
2) Identification
3) Signaling
4) Connection

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17
Q

Cytosol

A

The watery liquid inside cells

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18
Q

Microvilli

A

Tiny fingerlike projections found in epithelial cells in intestines; help absorption

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19
Q

Cilia

A

Move things outside the cell surface

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20
Q

Flagella

A

Longest cell extension; make the cell move; only in sperm

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21
Q

Desmosomes

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A

Connect cells together like velcro, or like a belt all the way around

22
Q

Gap Junctions

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A

Channels that connect cell membranes and let molecules float freely from cell to cell

23
Q

Tight Junctions

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A

Tighly fused cell membranes that don’t let molecules through; intestine lining

24
Q

Passive Transport

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A

Does NOT require energy; goes from high to low concentration gradient

25
Active Transport
Requires Energy; low to high concentration gradient
26
Is dialysis passive or active transport?
Passive, because it breaks down bigger molecules into smaller ones, and removes the extras
27
Osmotic Pressure
The amount of pressure that is moving water into a solution by osmosis; measure of how much the water wants to move to make everything even. Bigger solute concentration = water wants to move more to even it out = higher osmotic pressure
28
What do Hypotonic solutions do to cells?
Because the inside of the cell is more salty than the solution, the cell fills with water to make it even, and can explode (lyse). hypOtonic
29
What do Hypertonic solutions do to cells?
They make the cell shrivel up because water goes out of the cell to the surrounding salty solution to make it even.
30
2 steps of protein synthesis
1) Transcription - making a copy of the DNA molecule (mRNA); happens in the nucleus 2) Translation - Ribosome interprets the RNA and make the right amino acids for that protein; happens in the cytoplasm
31
List the 4 steps of Mitosis
1) Prophase 2) Metaphase 3) Anaphase 4) Telophase
32
What happens in Prophase?
- Nuclear envelope falls apart - Chromosomes form - Centrosomes move to opposite poles of the cell
33
What happens in Metaphase?
Chromosomes line up along the equator
34
What happens in Anaphase?
- Chromosome pairs split in half - Chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell
35
What happens in Telophase?
- Nuclear envelope reforms - Chromosomes get longer and change back into chromatin - Cell goes back to normal
36
diploid number
46 chromosomes in pairs
37
haploid number
half of a set of chromosomes; 23 (one of each)
38
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
MItosis makes a copy of MY cells. Makes two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell (46 chromosomes - 23 pairs). MEiosis makes a mini ME. Only happens in reproductive cells. Makes 4 daughter cells that are haploid gamates. Each has only half a set of chromosomes.
39
What is endocytosis?
Plasma membrane traps extracellular material so it can enter the cell.
40
What is exocytosis?
Process by which large molecules leave the cell.
41
What structures in the cell contain DNA?
Nucleus and mitochondria
42
What are microglia? What do they do?
Special types of macrophages that help destroy pathogens and damaged tissue cells in the brain.
43
What happens when the centrosome of a cell is damaged?
44
What is cytokinesis?
"Cell movement"; cell starts to split in half
45
What is DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic acid; blueprint for the body
46
What is osmosis?
Diffusion of materials across a semi-permeable membrane.
47
What is filtration?
Water solutes move through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure.
48
What is simple diffusion?
Molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
49
What happens in each phase of cell reproduction? 1) G1 phase 2) S phase (Interphase) 3) G2 phase 4) M phase
1) Starts to duplicate organelles 2) Cell prepares for reproducing itself, replication of DNA, growth of cytoplasm - Between stages - Longest phase of cell cycle 3) Growth continues 4) Cytokinesis - Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
50
What is active transport? Examples?
Type of transport that moves materials against the concentration gradient, from low to high. Requires energy. - Sodium-potassium pump - Endocytosis - Exocytosis - Pinocytosis - Phagocytosis
51
What is passive transport? Examples?
Type of transport that moves materials down the concentration gradient, from high to low. Does NOT require energy. - Filtration - Diffusion - Facilitated diffusion - Osmosis - Dialysis
52
Where are the citric acid cycle and the electron transport system located in the cell?
Mitochondria

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (6 decks)

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