Cell Structure & Organisation

Question 1

What is a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 1

DNA not within nucleus, smaller, no membraned cell organelles (eg. bacteria)

Question 2

What is a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 2

DNA bound in nucleus, bigger, has endomembrane system with cell organelles (eg. animal/plant cells)

Question 3

What cell organelles contain DNA?

Answer 3

Nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria (absent in prokaryotes)

Question 4

What is the protoplasm?

Answer 4

Cytoplasm and cell organelles/nucleus

Question 5

What is an endomembrane system?

Answer 5

Anything made out of membrane (cell organelles)

Question 6

What do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common?

Answer 6

The presence of cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, chromosomes

Question 7

Why are cells so small?

Answer 7

To increase SA:V ratio, increase rate of diffusion of materials in and out cell

Question 8

What can be seen under the light microscope?

Answer 8

Nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts

Question 9

Cell structures in both animals and plant cells

Answer 9

Nucleus (+ nuclear membrane and nucleolus), mitochondria, cytoplasm, cell membrane, RER and SER, ribosomes, Golgi body, lysosomes

Question 10

What is the cell wall made out of?

Answer 10

Cellulose (multiple layers of the polysaccharide)

Question 11

What does the xylem transport?

Answer 11

Water, mineral ions

Question 12

What does the phloem transport?

Answer 12

Sucrose (sugar) and amino acids

Question 13

What are the storage carbohydrates of animal and plant cells?

Answer 13

Glycogen and starch respectively

Question 14

What cell organelles are double-membraned?

Answer 14

Nucleus, ribosomes, chloroplasts (same as those with DNA)

Question 15

What are nuclear pores?

Answer 15

Protein-lined channels that let mRNA out of nucleus to the ribosomes

Question 16

What is the nucleoplasm?

Answer 16

Nucleus’ cytoplasm

Question 17

What are chromosomes made of and where are they stored?

Answer 17

They are DNA wrapped around histone proteins and are stored in the nucleus

Question 18

How are histone proteins made?

Answer 18

Translated by ribosomes in the cytoplasm and re-enter the nucleus via nuclear pores to form chromosomes

Question 19

What happens inside the nucleolus (within nucleus)

Answer 19

Ribosomes’ subunits (components) are stored here and ribosomes are assembled here, leaving the nucleus via nuclear pores to the rest of the cell

Question 20

What is the Fluid Mosaic Model?

Answer 20

The phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane is described as fluid because the phospholipid molecules are able to move freely and laterally, and mosaic because protein molecules are randomly embedded or scattered about

Question 21

What is cytoplasm made of?

Answer 21

90% water, 10% dissolved solutes

Question 22

What is a tonoplast?

Answer 22

The membrane of a plant cell vacuole

Question 23

What are endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 23

Membranes continuous with the nuclear membrane, rough (with ribosomes) or smooth (without ribosomes)

Question 24

What is the endoplasmic reticulum’s inner space known as?

Answer 24

Endoplasmic reticulum lumen

Question 25

What does the Golgi body consist of?

Answer 25

Stacks of flattened membrane bound bodies known as cisternae

Question 26

What are ribosomes?

Answer 26

Protein synthesisers (on RER or floating around freely)

Question 27

Function of the mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion)

Answer 27

Site of aerobic respiration, where chemical energy in food is oxidised and converted into ATP, RELEASES energy

Question 28

Describe the mitochondria’s membrane

Answer 28

Smooth outside, cristae inside to increase SA for more chemical reactions. Matrix is the inner area within mitochondria with enzymes

Question 29

What does the SER do

Answer 29

Synthesises fats and steroids, detoxification. More found in liver

Question 30

Structure of RER and SER

Answer 30

RER: Stacked layers of membrane SER: cross-sectional tubes

Question 31

Function of the Golgi body/apparatus/complex

Answer 31

Chemically modifies and packages proteins made by ribosomes on RER, packaged proteins leave in small transport vesicles to leave the cell

Question 32

What are lysosomes + optimal pH

Answer 32

Small sacs of hydrologic (digestive) enzymes dispersed in cytoplasm, digests bad cell parts. Optimal pH of 5

Question 33

What is RNA?

Answer 33

Ribonucleic acid, near identical photocopy of DNA, blueprint given to ribosomes to synthesis proteins.

Question 34

How are proteins synthesised?

Answer 34

DNA is photocopied to make mRNA in the nucleus, which leaves through nuclear pores to the ribosomes on RER to be synthesised. Synthesised proteins go to Golgi body in small transport vesicles to be chemically modified and repackaged, going to final destination in vesicles again.

Question 35

Definition of tissue

Answer 35

Group of similar cells performing one function

Question 36

Definition of organs

Answer 36

Different groups of cells working for one function

Question 37

Definition of system

Answer 37

Several organs working together for a few functions

Question 38

Which part of a cell has the least oxygen?

Answer 38

Mitochondria, since O2 is used up in aerobic respiration to release energy